معیارها و اصول حاکم بر ترجیح امنیت بر حقوق و آزادی‌ها با مطالعه در رویۀ قضایی دیوان عالی امریکا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

در ادارۀ امور جامعه، تقابل امنیت و نظم با حقوق و آزادی‌ها امری محتمل است و این موضوع را مطرح می‌سازد که راهکار مقرر برای این شرایط چه می‌تواند باشد؟ به‌نظر می‌رسد در شرایط یادشده، گریزی از ترجیح امنیت و نظم بر حقوق و آزادی‌ها و تحدید آن‌ها برای نیل به توازنی مجدد برای چنین وضعیتی نیست. اما بدون شک نمی‌توان بدون تعیین معیار و اصولی در این خصوص به صدور حکم برتری و ترجیح امنیت و نظم مبادرت نمود. موضوع پژوهش حاضر، بررسی موضوع یادشده و دستیابی به پاسخ این پرسش است که معیارها و اصول حاکم بر ترجیح امنیت بر حقوق و آزادی‌ها در آرای صادره از دیوان عالی امریکا کدام‌اند؟ نتایج پژوهش حاکی از دستیابی به مؤلفۀ «تهدید واقعی به خشونت» و بررسی آن با عنوان «تهدیدات قطعی و مسلم» و همچنین «ضرورت» و اتخاذ آن‌ها به‌عنوان معیارهای ترجیح امنیت و نظم بر حق‌ها و آزادی‌ها در رویۀ قضایی دیوان عالی امریکا و حاکمیت اصول: الف) اعمال ترجیح به‌موجب و از طریق قانون، ب) خدشه‌دار نشدن دادرسی عادلانه، ج) معقول بودن تحدیدات اعمالی و د) عدم تبعیض در مرحلۀ تصمیم‌گیری و پیش از ترجیح امنیت و نظم بر حق‌ها و آزادی‌ها، و نظارت قضایی در مرحلۀ پس از اتخاذ تصمیم مبنی بر ترجیح می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Criterias and Principles of Security Preferring on Rights and Freedoms with Study on U.S. Supreme Court Precedent

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hasan Lotfi 1
  • ali sohrablu 2
1 Assistant Professor Public Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services
2 Ph.D student of public law, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In administration of society, the confrontation between security and order with rights and freedoms is possible and it raises this question that what can be the solution for these conditions? It seems in this circumstances, The only option is to prefer security and order to the rights and freedoms and restrict them to achieve new and desirable balance. But, without a doubt, we can not issue a ruling of preferring security on rights and freedoms without the determination of criteria and principles in this regard. The subject of this article was to examine this issue in the U. S. Supreme Court's precedent. Ours finding shows the achievement to the “true threat to violence” and study of that in light of “definite threats” and “necessity” and adopt them as criteria for preferring security and order on rights and freedoms in U. S. Supreme Court precedent and governing of this principles: A) Rule of Law, B) Protecting a fair trial, C) Reasonableness of restrictions, D) Non-discrimination in the stage of decision-making and before preferring security and order on rights and freedoms and “Judicial Review” after make a decision on preferring security.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Security
  • order
  • Definite Threats
  • Rights and Freedoms
  • U. S. Supreme Court

مراجع

الف) فارسی
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ب) خارجی
A) books
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40. U.S. Supreme Court, Rasul v Bush, 542 US 466 (2004).
41. U.S. Supreme Court, Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
42. U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 9، شماره 2
پاییز و زمستان 1397
صفحه 779-804

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