مطالعۀ تطبیقی دامنۀ ممنوعیت کمک یا تشویق فعالیت‏ های منع‏ شده در ‏معاهدات جهانی خلع سلاح

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق بین ‏الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران‏

2 گروه حقوق بین‏ الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

3 گروه حقوق بین ‏الملل، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران‏

10.22059/jcl.2023.357528.634488

چکیده

در بعضی معاهداتِ خلع‏ سلاح، کمک و تشویق یا ترغیب فعالیت ‏های ممنوع، غیرقانونی اعلام شده است. منظور از فعالیت ‏های ممنوع اقداماتی است که بر ‏اساس معاهدۀ خلع‏ سلاح، دولت‏ها از انجام آن‏ها منع شده ‏اند. با این‏ حال، محدودۀ دقیق این ممنوعیت هنوز مورد بحث صاحب ‏نظران است. سعی نگارندگان پژوهش حاضر بررسی این پرسش اساسی است که گسترۀ ممنوعیت کمک، تشویق و ترغیب تا کجاست و چه مرزهایی می‏توان برای آن ترسیم نمود؟ به ‏این منظور، موضوع کمک در پنج معاهدۀ اصلی خلع سلاح بررسی شده و با بهره ‏گیری از داده ‏های کتابخانه‏ ای و کاربست روش توصیفی تحلیلی، دو یافتۀ مهم به ‏دست آمده است: نخست اینکه هرچند فقدان تعریف مورد اجماع برای کمک، تشویق یا ترغیب و عدم اهتمام دولت‏ ها به تبیین موضوع در رویۀ داخلی و بین ‏المللی به تداوم ابهام در محدودۀ این مقرره منجر شده است، اما این ابهام فوایدی نیز دارد؛ ازجمله افزایش آزادی عمل دولت‏ ها در همکاری با کشورهای غیرعضو معاهده و اینکه برآیند دیدگاه ‏های دولت ‏ها در مذاکرات مقدماتی و رویه ‏های بعدی آنها، تفسیر مضیق از مقررۀ کمک را تأیید می‏ نماید. بر این اساس، هر فعلی که با هدف و موضوع معاهده مغایرت داشته باشد و آگاهانه به قصد تسهیلِ ارتکاب اعمال ممنوع یا تحریک به انجام آنها صورت گیرد، کمک به آن یا تشویق قلمداد می‏‏ شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the scope of the prohibition of assisting or ‎encouraging prohibited activities in global disarmament treaties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa fazaeli 1
  • Ahmad reza Towhidi 2
  • Mohammadreza Jahanipour 3
1 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran‎
2 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran‎
3 Corresponding Author; Department of International Law, Faculty of Law,University of Qom, Qom, ‎Iran‎
چکیده [English]

In some disarmament treaties, assisting, encouraging, or inducing prohibited activities is declared illegal. Prohibited activities are actions that States are prohibited from doing according to the disarmament treaty.However, the exact scope of this prohibition is still debated by experts.The basic question is: what is the extent of the prohibition of assist, encouragement and inducement? what it's boundaries? For this purpose, the provision of assistance in the five main disarmament treaties has been investigated and two important findings have been obtained by using library data and the application of the analytical descriptive method: First, although the lack of a consensus definition for assistance, encouragement or inducement and the States' lack of interest in explaining the issue In the domestic and international pactice, it has led to continuation of ambiguity in the scope of this provision, but this ambiguity also has benefits. Second, the views of the States in the preliminary negotiations and their subsequent practices confirm the narrow interpretation of the assisting provision. Therefore, any action that contradicts the purpose and subject of the treaty and is done knowingly with the intention of facilitating the commission of prohibited acts or incitement to commit them is considered as prohibited assistance or encouragement.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prohibited acts
  • ‎ Encouragement or ‎Inducement
  • Assisting ‎provision
  • Disarmament ‎treaties.‎
  1. Aust,H. (2011). Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility, Cambridge University Press.
  2. Australian Department of Defence (2016). “Defence White Paper”
  3. Basic Provisions of a Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, CD/294, July 21, 1982 (U.S.S.R. version).
  4. Bernauer, T. (1993). The end of chemical warfare, Security Dialogue, 24(1),97-112.
  5. Biological Weapons Convention,1972
  6. Black-Branch, J. (2021). The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. cambridge.
  7. Bowman, S. (2001). Biological weapons: a primer. N.Y, Novinka Books.
  8. British Proposal Submitted to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,Aug. 18, 1970, CCD/225/Rev.2
  9. Chemical Weapons Convention,1993
  10. Cluster Munitions Convention,2008
  11. Communist Draft Convention (Biological) Weapons and Toxins and on Their Destruction, art. III, Mar. 30, 1971,CCD/325/Rev.1
  12. Convention on Cluster Munitions: Interoperability and National Legislation—The View of the ICRC(2012), Int’l Comm. of The Red Cross 2 , http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2012/cluster munitionsinteroperability-icrc-2012-09-12.pdf.(visited:17/03/2023)
  13. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBC),1997.
  14. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, 2001; text adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC)
  15. Email of Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Head, Disarmament Department, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 May 2018.
  16. Final Declaration of the eighth Review Conference, BWC/CONF.VIII/CRP2,2016
  17. Final Declaration of the Sixth Review Conference,BWC/CONF.VI/6, Nov. 20-Dec. 8, 2006
  18. Final Report, 115, APLC/CONF/2004/5 (Feb. 9, 2005).
  19. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-5&chapter=26&clang=_en#EndDec(last visit 12/1/2023)
  20. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-india-usa-factbox idUSN1816567020061218(last visited:7/4/2023)
  21. Human Rights Watch et al., Banning Cluster Munitions: Government policy and practice,2009
  22. Human Rights Watch(2010), Meeting the Challenge: Protecting Civilians Through the Convention on Cluster Munitions at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/armsclusters1110webwcover.pdf(visited:07/02/2023)
  23. ICJ, Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, 26 February 2007
  24. ICRC briefing note at:https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/93626/assistance-treaty-prohibition-nuclear-weapons-briefing-note-icrc.pdf (last visit:25/1/2023)
  25. International Law and Policy Institute(2016), “Under my Umbrella”, http://nwp.ilpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/BP21-16_UMBRELLA.pdf.
  26. Kmentt, A. (2021). The Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons: How it was Achieved and Why it Matters (1st ed.). Routledge.
  27. Krutzsch,W. & Trapp,R. (2014). the Chemical Weapons Convention A Commentary. Oxford University Press.
  28. Letter from Henk Swarttouw, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 26 February 2009.
  29. Loi de 4 juin portant approbation de la Convention sur les armes à sous munitions (3Dec 2008) ,art 2 1.41
  30. Maaike Beenes and Susi Snyder (2018) Don’t Bank on the Bomb. Utrecht, the Netherlands:.at: https://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/2018_report_web/.https://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/wp content/uploads/2018/03/2018_Report.pdf.(27/04/2023)
  31. Maslen, S. (2001). Anti-Personnel Mines under International Humanitarian Law: a view from the vanishing point. Brill.
  32. Maslen,S. (2005). Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties: the convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel mine and on their destruction,Oxford.
  33. Moynihan, H. (2016). Aiding and Assisting: Challenges in Armed Conflict and Counterterrorism, Research Paper, Chatham House.
  34. NATO, “NATO 2022 Strategic Concept ”, June 30,2022 at https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/290622-strategic-concept.pdf(29/11/2022)
  35. Nuclear Weapons Ban Monitor preliminary research(2018) at: https://banmonitor.org/files/Nuclear-Weapons-BanMonitor_2018.pdf(visited:17/03/2023)
  36. Nystuen, G. & Casey-Maslen, S. (2010). The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  37. Oxford English Dictionary (2004). Oxford University Press.
  38. Rajah,T. & Dawson,G. (2019). The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Contribution of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to Sustainable Development, Journal of Conflict and Security Law,24(3), 617–629
  39. Ricketts,P.,(2018)National Security Relations with France after Brexit. at: https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/briefingpaper-france-uk-2017.pdf(17/01/2023)
  40. Statement made by Austria on 19 June 2017 (15th meeting) UN Conference.
  41. Statement made by Brazil on 19 June 2017 (15th meeting) UN Conference.
  42. Statement of Bangladesh, 16 Jun 2017 (14th meeting) United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons (UN Conference).
  43. Statement of Switzerland, 16 Jun 2017 (14th meeting) United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons(UN Conference).
  44. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons,2017
  45. United Kingdom Intervention on Article 1, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operations of the Convention, 16 May 2003, available online at http://www.apminebanconvention.org/fileadmin/APMBC/IWP/SC_may03/speeches_gs/UK_Art_1.pdf(visited:03/02/2023)
  46. Wiebe,V. (2010). Art.1 General Obligations and Scope of Application, in The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A Commentary, Nystuen and Casey-Maslen (eds.) 95-138
  47. hrw.org/news/2012/08/22/australia-cluster-munitions-law-seriously-flawed.(visited:12/01/2023)
  48. icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals(last visit:5/4/2023)
  49. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/6/contents(visit:3/1/2023)
  50. mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/DocumentacionPublicaciones/Documents/Criminal_Code_2016.pdf(last visit: 18/02/2023)
  51. opcw.org/about-us/history(visited:10/03/2023)
  52. opcw.org/media-centre/opcw-numbers(last visited:1/4/2023)
  53. regjeringen.no/en/historical-archive/Bondeviks-2nd-Government/ministry-of-finance/tema-og-redaksjonelt-innhold/Advisory-Commission-Documents/Advisory-Commission/id413581/(visited:08/02/2023)
  54. austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cwa1976243/s8.html(last visit:5/4/2023)
  55. Yearbook of the International Law Commission,2001

مراجع

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. بیگ‏زاده، ابراهیم (1401). حقوق بین‏الملل. تهران: نشر میزان.
    2. جوینر، دانیل (1394). تفسیر معاهدۀ منع گسترش سلاح‏های هسته‏ای. ترجمۀ علیرضا ابراهیم‏گل و دیگران. تهران: انتشارات خرسندی.
    3. حدادی، مهدی (1397). معاونت در ارتکاب فعل متخلفانۀ بین‏المللی دولت در طرح مسئولیت بین‏المللی دولت 2001، مطالعات حقوقی، 10(4)، 1-30.
    4. ساعد، نادر (1383). فرایند خلع سلاح و کنترل تسلیحات در حقوق بین‏الملل منشور. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، (65)، 59-85.
    5. ساعد، نادر (1386). حقوق بشردوستانه و سلاح‏های هسته‏ای. تهران: شهر دانش.
    6. کمیسیون حقوق بین‏الملل (1393). مسئولیت بین‏المللی دولت. ترجمۀ علیرضا ابراهیم‏گل. تهران: شهردانش.
    7. نواده توپچی، حسین (1400). رژیم حقوقی خلع سلاح و کنترل تسلیحات. تهران: انتشارات خرسندی.

     

    ب) انگلیسی

    1. Aust,H. (2011). Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility, Cambridge University Press.
    2. Australian Department of Defence (2016). “Defence White Paper”
    3. Basic Provisions of a Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, CD/294, July 21, 1982 (U.S.S.R. version).
    4. Bernauer, T. (1993). The end of chemical warfare, Security Dialogue, 24(1),97-112.
    5. Biological Weapons Convention,1972
    6. Black-Branch, J. (2021). The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. cambridge.
    7. Bowman, S. (2001). Biological weapons: a primer. N.Y, Novinka Books.
    8. British Proposal Submitted to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,Aug. 18, 1970, CCD/225/Rev.2
    9. Chemical Weapons Convention,1993
    10. Cluster Munitions Convention,2008
    11. Communist Draft Convention (Biological) Weapons and Toxins and on Their Destruction, art. III, Mar. 30, 1971,CCD/325/Rev.1
    12. Convention on Cluster Munitions: Interoperability and National Legislation—The View of the ICRC(2012), Int’l Comm. of The Red Cross 2 , http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2012/cluster munitionsinteroperability-icrc-2012-09-12.pdf.(visited:17/03/2023)
    13. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBC),1997.
    14. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, 2001; text adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC)
    15. Email of Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Head, Disarmament Department, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 May 2018.
    16. Final Declaration of the eighth Review Conference, BWC/CONF.VIII/CRP2,2016
    17. Final Declaration of the Sixth Review Conference,BWC/CONF.VI/6, Nov. 20-Dec. 8, 2006
    18. Final Report, 115, APLC/CONF/2004/5 (Feb. 9, 2005).
    19. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-5&chapter=26&clang=_en#EndDec(last visit 12/1/2023)
    20. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-india-usa-factbox idUSN1816567020061218(last visited:7/4/2023)
    21. Human Rights Watch et al., Banning Cluster Munitions: Government policy and practice,2009
    22. Human Rights Watch(2010), Meeting the Challenge: Protecting Civilians Through the Convention on Cluster Munitions at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/armsclusters1110webwcover.pdf(visited:07/02/2023)
    23. ICJ, Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, 26 February 2007
    24. ICRC briefing note at:https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/93626/assistance-treaty-prohibition-nuclear-weapons-briefing-note-icrc.pdf (last visit:25/1/2023)
    25. International Law and Policy Institute(2016), “Under my Umbrella”, http://nwp.ilpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/BP21-16_UMBRELLA.pdf.
    26. Kmentt, A. (2021). The Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons: How it was Achieved and Why it Matters (1st ed.). Routledge.
    27. Krutzsch,W. & Trapp,R. (2014). the Chemical Weapons Convention A Commentary. Oxford University Press.
    28. Letter from Henk Swarttouw, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 26 February 2009.
    29. Loi de 4 juin portant approbation de la Convention sur les armes à sous munitions (3Dec 2008) ,art 2 1.41
    30. Maaike Beenes and Susi Snyder (2018) Don’t Bank on the Bomb. Utrecht, the Netherlands:.at: https://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/2018_report_web/.https://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/wp content/uploads/2018/03/2018_Report.pdf.(27/04/2023)
    31. Maslen, S. (2001). Anti-Personnel Mines under International Humanitarian Law: a view from the vanishing point. Brill.
    32. Maslen,S. (2005). Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties: the convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel mine and on their destruction,Oxford.
    33. Moynihan, H. (2016). Aiding and Assisting: Challenges in Armed Conflict and Counterterrorism, Research Paper, Chatham House.
    34. NATO, “NATO 2022 Strategic Concept ”, June 30,2022 at https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/290622-strategic-concept.pdf(29/11/2022)
    35. Nuclear Weapons Ban Monitor preliminary research(2018) at: https://banmonitor.org/files/Nuclear-Weapons-BanMonitor_2018.pdf(visited:17/03/2023)
    36. Nystuen, G. & Casey-Maslen, S. (2010). The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    37. Oxford English Dictionary (2004). Oxford University Press.
    38. Rajah,T. & Dawson,G. (2019). The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Contribution of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to Sustainable Development, Journal of Conflict and Security Law,24(3), 617–629
    39. Ricketts,P.,(2018)National Security Relations with France after Brexit. at: https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/briefingpaper-france-uk-2017.pdf(17/01/2023)
    40. Statement made by Austria on 19 June 2017 (15th meeting) UN Conference.
    41. Statement made by Brazil on 19 June 2017 (15th meeting) UN Conference.
    42. Statement of Bangladesh, 16 Jun 2017 (14th meeting) United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons (UN Conference).
    43. Statement of Switzerland, 16 Jun 2017 (14th meeting) United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons(UN Conference).
    44. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons,2017
    45. United Kingdom Intervention on Article 1, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operations of the Convention, 16 May 2003, available online at http://www.apminebanconvention.org/fileadmin/APMBC/IWP/SC_may03/speeches_gs/UK_Art_1.pdf(visited:03/02/2023)
    46. Wiebe,V. (2010). Art.1 General Obligations and Scope of Application, in The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A Commentary, Nystuen and Casey-Maslen (eds.) 95-138
    47. hrw.org/news/2012/08/22/australia-cluster-munitions-law-seriously-flawed.(visited:12/01/2023)
    48. icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals(last visit:5/4/2023)
    49. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/6/contents(visit:3/1/2023)
    50. mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/DocumentacionPublicaciones/Documents/Criminal_Code_2016.pdf(last visit: 18/02/2023)
    51. opcw.org/about-us/history(visited:10/03/2023)
    52. opcw.org/media-centre/opcw-numbers(last visited:1/4/2023)
    53. regjeringen.no/en/historical-archive/Bondeviks-2nd-Government/ministry-of-finance/tema-og-redaksjonelt-innhold/Advisory-Commission-Documents/Advisory-Commission/id413581/(visited:08/02/2023)
    54. austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cwa1976243/s8.html(last visit:5/4/2023)
    55. Yearbook of the International Law Commission,2001
مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 14، شماره 2
پاییز و زمستان 1402
دی 1402
صفحه 913-935

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار