مطالعۀ تطبیقی دامنۀ ممنوعیت کمک یا تشویق فعالیت‏ های منع‏ شده در ‏معاهدات جهانی خلع سلاح

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق بین ‏الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران‏

2 گروه حقوق بین‏ الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

3 گروه حقوق بین ‏الملل، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران‏

چکیده

در بعضی معاهداتِ خلع‏ سلاح، کمک و تشویق یا ترغیب فعالیت ‏های ممنوع، غیرقانونی اعلام شده است. منظور از فعالیت ‏های ممنوع اقداماتی است که بر ‏اساس معاهدۀ خلع‏ سلاح، دولت‏ها از انجام آن‏ها منع شده ‏اند. با این‏ حال، محدودۀ دقیق این ممنوعیت هنوز مورد بحث صاحب ‏نظران است. سعی نگارندگان پژوهش حاضر بررسی این پرسش اساسی است که گسترۀ ممنوعیت کمک، تشویق و ترغیب تا کجاست و چه مرزهایی می‏توان برای آن ترسیم نمود؟ به ‏این منظور، موضوع کمک در پنج معاهدۀ اصلی خلع سلاح بررسی شده و با بهره ‏گیری از داده ‏های کتابخانه‏ ای و کاربست روش توصیفی تحلیلی، دو یافتۀ مهم به ‏دست آمده است: نخست اینکه هرچند فقدان تعریف مورد اجماع برای کمک، تشویق یا ترغیب و عدم اهتمام دولت‏ ها به تبیین موضوع در رویۀ داخلی و بین ‏المللی به تداوم ابهام در محدودۀ این مقرره منجر شده است، اما این ابهام فوایدی نیز دارد؛ ازجمله افزایش آزادی عمل دولت‏ ها در همکاری با کشورهای غیرعضو معاهده و اینکه برآیند دیدگاه ‏های دولت ‏ها در مذاکرات مقدماتی و رویه ‏های بعدی آنها، تفسیر مضیق از مقررۀ کمک را تأیید می‏ نماید. بر این اساس، هر فعلی که با هدف و موضوع معاهده مغایرت داشته باشد و آگاهانه به قصد تسهیلِ ارتکاب اعمال ممنوع یا تحریک به انجام آنها صورت گیرد، کمک به آن یا تشویق قلمداد می‏‏ شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the scope of the prohibition of assisting or ‎encouraging prohibited activities in global disarmament treaties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa fazaeli 1
  • Ahmad reza Towhidi 2
  • Mohammadreza Jahanipour 3
1 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran‎
2 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran‎
3 Corresponding Author; Department of International Law, Faculty of Law,University of Qom, Qom, ‎Iran‎
چکیده [English]

In some disarmament treaties, assisting, encouraging, or inducing prohibited activities is declared illegal. Prohibited activities are actions that States are prohibited from doing according to the disarmament treaty.However, the exact scope of this prohibition is still debated by experts.The basic question is: what is the extent of the prohibition of assist, encouragement and inducement? what it's boundaries? For this purpose, the provision of assistance in the five main disarmament treaties has been investigated and two important findings have been obtained by using library data and the application of the analytical descriptive method: First, although the lack of a consensus definition for assistance, encouragement or inducement and the States' lack of interest in explaining the issue In the domestic and international pactice, it has led to continuation of ambiguity in the scope of this provision, but this ambiguity also has benefits. Second, the views of the States in the preliminary negotiations and their subsequent practices confirm the narrow interpretation of the assisting provision. Therefore, any action that contradicts the purpose and subject of the treaty and is done knowingly with the intention of facilitating the commission of prohibited acts or incitement to commit them is considered as prohibited assistance or encouragement.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prohibited acts
  • ‎ Encouragement or ‎Inducement
  • Assisting ‎provision
  • Disarmament ‎treaties.‎
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  7. Bowman, S. (2001). Biological weapons: a primer. N.Y, Novinka Books.
  8. British Proposal Submitted to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,Aug. 18, 1970, CCD/225/Rev.2
  9. Chemical Weapons Convention,1993
  10. Cluster Munitions Convention,2008
  11. Communist Draft Convention (Biological) Weapons and Toxins and on Their Destruction, art. III, Mar. 30, 1971,CCD/325/Rev.1
  12. Convention on Cluster Munitions: Interoperability and National Legislation—The View of the ICRC(2012), Int’l Comm. of The Red Cross 2 , http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2012/cluster munitionsinteroperability-icrc-2012-09-12.pdf.(visited:17/03/2023)
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  14. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, 2001; text adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC)
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  16. Final Declaration of the eighth Review Conference, BWC/CONF.VIII/CRP2,2016
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    ب) انگلیسی

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    2. Australian Department of Defence (2016). “Defence White Paper”
    3. Basic Provisions of a Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, CD/294, July 21, 1982 (U.S.S.R. version).
    4. Bernauer, T. (1993). The end of chemical warfare, Security Dialogue, 24(1),97-112.
    5. Biological Weapons Convention,1972
    6. Black-Branch, J. (2021). The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. cambridge.
    7. Bowman, S. (2001). Biological weapons: a primer. N.Y, Novinka Books.
    8. British Proposal Submitted to the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,Aug. 18, 1970, CCD/225/Rev.2
    9. Chemical Weapons Convention,1993
    10. Cluster Munitions Convention,2008
    11. Communist Draft Convention (Biological) Weapons and Toxins and on Their Destruction, art. III, Mar. 30, 1971,CCD/325/Rev.1
    12. Convention on Cluster Munitions: Interoperability and National Legislation—The View of the ICRC(2012), Int’l Comm. of The Red Cross 2 , http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2012/cluster munitionsinteroperability-icrc-2012-09-12.pdf.(visited:17/03/2023)
    13. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBC),1997.
    14. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, 2001; text adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC)
    15. Email of Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Head, Disarmament Department, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 May 2018.
    16. Final Declaration of the eighth Review Conference, BWC/CONF.VIII/CRP2,2016
    17. Final Declaration of the Sixth Review Conference,BWC/CONF.VI/6, Nov. 20-Dec. 8, 2006
    18. Final Report, 115, APLC/CONF/2004/5 (Feb. 9, 2005).
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    21. Human Rights Watch et al., Banning Cluster Munitions: Government policy and practice,2009
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    26. Kmentt, A. (2021). The Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons: How it was Achieved and Why it Matters (1st ed.). Routledge.
    27. Krutzsch,W. & Trapp,R. (2014). the Chemical Weapons Convention A Commentary. Oxford University Press.
    28. Letter from Henk Swarttouw, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 26 February 2009.
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