نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Nuclear facilities, though have large advantages for human being, they also creates heavy hazards. Thus, the question of civil liability resulted from events of mentioned facilities are so significant. This paper studies the question of the basis and the responsible for compensation resulted from aforementioned events in international instruments, Iran and French law. Outcome of this study shows that in this regard, Paris and Vienna conventions and the other related conventions and protocols adjust a special legal régime. In this respect, the international instruments while distancing themselves from liability based on fault, highlight the exclusive responsibility of the operator of nuclear facilities and the operator is committed to insurance or appropriate secure financing. Also French legal régime has followed this manner with the impact of the Paris Convention and its amendments and additions. There is no special provisions in Iran legal régime in this matter so civil liability resulted from nuclear events is under general rules of civil liability and rules such as Itlaf (loss), Tasbib (causation), Taqsir (fault)and La-zarar (no damage) in the context of Imamye jurisprudence. Of course, the responsible is basically the one to whom the damage is attributable. Finaly, it is appropriate that the Iranian legislator predict favorable régime and provide special financial fund for compensation of possible injured parties in accordance with necessities and specific requirements related to nuclear energy.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
الف) فارسی و عربی
- کتاب‌ها و مقاله‌ها
- قوانین و مقررات
ب) انگلیسی و فرانسوی
- Books and Articles
31 Bénabent, Alain (1995), Droit Civil, les obligations, 5 éd., Parsi, Motcherestien.
32 Birnie, Patricia [et al.] (2009), International Law and The Environment, 3rd Edt., OUP.
33 Boulanenkov, Vladimir (1999), Main Features of the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage – an Overview, in Reform of Civil Nuclear. Liability. International Symposium. Budapest, Hungary, Organised by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, pp. 160-170
34 Busekist, O. Von (2006),A Bridge Between Two Conventions on Civil Liaility for Nuclear Damage: The Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and Paris Convention, Nuclear Law Bulletin, No. 43, pp. 129-153
35 Dow, James C (1989), Nuclear Energy and Insurance ,1st edn, London, Witherby & Co Ltd.
36 Fiore, Karine (2008), ‘The Nuclear Limit on the OECD Conventions: an Implicit Subsidy’, Maastricht University.
37 Harpwood, Vivienne (2009), Modern Tort Law, Routledge- Cavendish, seventh edition.
38 Mazeauds, Henri, Léon et Jean (1985), Leçons de Droit Civil, T.II, ler Vol, 7 éd. Paris, Motcherestien.
39 OCDE (2011), Législation nucléaire des pays de l’OCDE et de l’AEN, <https://www.oecd-nea.org/law/legislation/fr/france.pdf>2015/7/19.
40 Ollier, Pierre D. (1983), Liability for Damage Caused by Things; Nuclear Energy, in: Encyclopedia of comparative law, by Andre Tunc, Volume XI: Torts, Part I, The Hague-Boston, London: Tubingen and Martinus Nijhof Publisher.
41 Pelzer, Norbert (1999), Focus on the Future of Nuclear Liability Law, 17 (4) Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, pp. 332-353.
42 Radetzki, Marcus (1999), ’Limitation of Third Party Nuclear Liability’, Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 63, pp.7-24.
43 Sands, Philippe (1988), Chernobil: Law and Communication, Gomer Press.
44 Schwartz, Julia A. (2010), Liability and Compensation for Third Party Damage resulting from a Nuclear Incident, International Nuclear Law: History, Evolution and Outlook, NEA No. 6934, OECD.
45 Stoiber, Carlton [et al.] (2003), Handbook on Nuclear Law, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, Chapter11, Nuclear Liability and Coverage.
46 Tromans, Stephen (2010), Nuclear Law: The Law Applying to Nuclear Installations and Radioactive Substances in its Historic Context, Second Edition, Hart Publishing.
47 Vanda, Lamm (2002), The International Law of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency.
48 Weill, Alex et Terré, François (1980), Droit Civil, les obligations, 3º éd., Paris, Dalloz.
- Laws and Documents
49 Code de l'environnement (France).
50 Code Civil (France).
51 Loi n° 68-943 du 30 octobre 1968 relative à la responsabilité civile dans le domaine de l'énergie nucléaire.
52 Loi n° 2006-786 du 5 juillet 2006 autorisant l’approbation d’accords internationaux sur la responsabilité civile dans le domaine de l’énergie nucléaire
53 Ordonnance n°2012-6 du 5 janvier 2012
ج) سایت‌ها
54 http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Conventions/jointprot_status.pdf>.2015/7/19.
55 http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Conventions/supcomp_status.pdf>.2015/7/19.
)
