جایگاه و فرایند شرایط اضطراری در حقوق اساسی مصر

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری رشتۀ حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مصر را می‌توان یکی از کشورهایی قلمداد کرد که در صد سالۀ اخیر بیش از 80 درصد از حکمرانی خود را در شرایط اضطراری سپری نموده است، به‌گونه‌ای که وضعیت استثنایی به یک شرایط عادی تبدیل شده است. نظام سیاسی مصر اگرچه به صورت دموکراتیک اداره می‌‌شود، لکن طراحی نهاد شرایط اضطراری در قانون اساسی مصر و سهولت استفاده از این ابزار، قوۀ مجریه را در این کشور به اقتدارگرایی سوق داده است، به‌گونه‌ای که صلاحیت رئیس‌جمهور با استناد به مادۀ 3 قانون شرایط اضطراری، به صورت گسترده شأن قانون‌گذاری و قضایی پیدا کرده، قوای دیگر را از کارکرد باز می‌دارد. به سبب انتخاب قضات دادگاه نظامی از افسران عالی‌رتبه و صلاحیت ورود به موضوعات مرتبط با شرایط اضطراری و محدود نمودن دادگاه‌های عمومی به دعاوی مدنی، شأن بی‌طرفی نظام قضایی با چالش مواجه شده است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی درصدد پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که با توجه به حقوق اساسی مصر، ادارۀ کشور در شرایط اضطراری چگونه صورت می‌گیرد؟ فرضیۀ پژوهش از این قرار است که در نظام حقوق اساسی مصر در وضعیت فوق‌العاده، ادارۀ امور کشور به رئیس‌جمهور واگذار شده، کشور با نوعی اقتدارگرایی اداره می‌‌شود. قابل ذکر است که بیشینگی موضوع و تجارب ناشی از آن می‌تواند راهبردهایی را برای فعال نمودن ظرفیت اصل هفتاد و نهم قانون اساسی ایران در زمینۀ مدیریت حقوقی شرایط اضطراری به‌ارمغان آورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The status and process of emergency conditions in Egypt's constitutional law

نویسنده [English]

  • Mahdi Zare
Ph.D. in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Egypt can be considered one of the countries that has spent more than 80% of the last hundred years under emergency conditions, in such a way that the exceptional situation has become a normal condition. Although the political system of this country is governed democratically, the design of the institution of emergency conditions in the Egyptian constitution and the ease of using this tool have led the executive branch to authoritarianism, in such a way that the authority of the President, by referring to Article 3 of the Law of Emergency Conditions, prevents other powers from functioning and grants him wide legislative and judicial powers. The impartiality of the judicial system has been challenged due to the selection of military court judges from high-ranking officers and their authority to enter into matters related to emergency conditions, while public courts are limited to civil lawsuits. This research tries to answer the question of how, according to Egypt's constitutional law, the administration of the country is conducted during emergency situations. The hypothesis of the research is that in Egypt's constitutional law system, in the state of emergency, the administration of the country's affairs is entrusted to the President and the government is governed by a form of authoritarianism. This research has been compiled using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources and reliable websites.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Egypt's constitutional rights
  • emergency conditions
  • state of emergency
  • martial law
  • authoritarianism

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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
پاییز و زمستان 1404
دی 1404
صفحه 505-524

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