حمایت از میراث فرهنگی ناملموس و ضرورت به‌رسمیت شناختن حقوق فرهنگی جمعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه حقوق بشر، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jcl.2024.367756.634578

چکیده

میراث فرهنگی از مظاهر حقوق فرهنگی است. از این رو، حمایت و پاسداری از آن باید در دایرۀ حقوق فرهنگی مورد تحلیل قرار گیرد. شورای حقوق بشر در تفسیر مادۀ 27 میثاق بین‌المللی حقوق مدنی و سیاسی (1966) اذعان داشته است که منطق حمایت از حقوق اعضای اقلیت‌های زبانی، قومی و مذهبی یک منطق جمعی است و این حقوق نمی‌تواند به‌طور واقعی در سطح فردی تضمین شود. همان‌طور که در این مقاله بررسی خواهد شد، چنین منطقی در مواجهه با حق بشر در دسترسی و برخورداری از میراث فرهنگی ناملموس نیز اعمال می‌شود. بنابراین، دغدغۀ اصلی این مقاله، ویژگی به‌ظاهر جمعی حقوق فرهنگی است. به‌رسمیت شناختن عنصر جمعی میراث فرهنگی ناملموس و حقوق فرهنگی مرتبط با آن، ناگزیر این بحث را پیش می‌کشد که تکلیف میراث فرهنگی ناملموسی که از نظر اجتماع مهم است، اما از نگاه تک‌تک افراد جامعه نوعی تبعیض را به‌همراه دارد، چیست؟ در این مقاله، تحول در تفکر حقوق بشر و چالش‌های ناشی از انتساب ویژگی جمعی به میراث فرهنگی ناملموس مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد و در نتیجه مذاکرۀ فرهنگی به‌عنوان راهکاری در تعدیل و حل چالش یادشده پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Protecting Cultural Heritage –‎ A Call for the Recognition of Collective Cultural Rights

نویسنده [English]

  • Janet Blake
Department of Human Rights Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.‎
چکیده [English]

Cultural heritage is one of the manifestations of cultural rights. Therefore, its protection should be analyzed in the field of cultural rights. The Human Rights Council acknowledged in its Commentary to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) that the logic of protecting the rights of members of linguistic, ethnic, and religious minorities is a collective one and that these rights cannot be realistically secured on the individual level. The same logic applies with regard to the human right to have access to and enjoy cultural heritage, as this article examines. Therefore, the main concern of this article is the seemingly collective nature of cultural rights. The recognition of the collective character of much, if not most, Intangible cultural heritage and of the related cultural rights inevitably raises the question of traditional cultural practices that are important to the collective but that individual members view as discriminatory. In this article, this evolution in human rights thinking is examined as well as the challenges associated with ascribing a collective character to such rights. As a result, cultural negotiation is suggested as a solution to adjust and solve the mentioned challenge.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Human (cultural) rights
  • ‎Intangible Cultural ‎Heritage
  • Collective rights
  • ‎Cultural relativism
  • ‎Universal standards.‎

مراجع

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    ج) فرانسوی

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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 15، شماره 2
پاییز و زمستان 1403
دی 1403
صفحه 365-387

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