مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

اعتبار و آثار قراردادهای پنهانی در حقوق جدید فرانسه و بازخوانی معاملات پوششی در حقوق ایران با تأکید بر نظریۀ قابلیت استناد

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده
استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران
10.22059/jcl.2026.410263.634864
چکیده
قراردادهای پنهانی ازجمله نهادهای مهم حقوق قراردادها هستند که در نقطۀ تلاقی ارادۀ واقعی متعاقدان، اصل نسبی بودن قراردادها و حمایت از اشخاص ثالث قرار می‌گیرند. اصلاحات سال ۲۰۱۶ حقوق تعهدات فرانسه، با تصویب مواد ۱۲۰۱ و ۱۲۰۲ قانون مدنی، برای نخستین ‌بار چارچوبی روشن و منسجم برای تحلیل اعتبار و آثار این قراردادها ارائه کرده و میان اعتبار قرارداد پنهانی در روابط طرفین و قابلیت استناد آن نسبت به اشخاص ثالث تفکیکی بنیادین برقرار ساخته است. مطابق این رویکرد، قرارداد پنهانی اصولاً در میان طرفین، معتبر و لازم‌الاجرا است، اما در برابر اشخاص ثالث، غیرقابل استناد تلقی می‌شود؛ هرچند ثالث می‌تواند در صورت اقتضا، به نفع خود به آن استناد کند. بطلان قرارداد پنهانی در حقوق فرانسه نیز صرفاً به موارد استثنایی و مصرح قانونی محدود شده است. در مقابل، حقوق ایران اگرچه در عمل با پدیده‌ای مشابه تحت عنوان معاملات پوششی مواجه است، اما فاقد چارچوب نظری روشنی برای تفکیک میان اعتبار معاملۀ واقعی و آثار آن نسبت به اشخاص ثالث است. نگارندۀ این مقاله با رویکردی تطبیقی و با بهره‌گیری از نظریۀ قابلیت استناد در دکترین جدید فرانسه، می‌کوشد نشان دهد که بسیاری از مسائل عملی حقوق ایران در این حوزه، نه از طریق توسل گسترده به بطلان، بلکه با پذیرش مفهوم استنادناپذیریِ معاملۀ پنهانی به زیان اشخاص ثالث، قابل تحلیل و حل است
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Validity and Effects of Hidden Contracts in Modern French Law and a Reappraisal of Disguised Transactions in Iranian Law with Emphasis on the Theory of Opposability

نویسنده English

Mostafa Harati
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
چکیده English

Hidden contracts constitute one of the significant institutions of contract law. situated at the intersection of the parties’ genuine intention. the principle of the relativity of contracts. and the protection of third parties. The 2016 reform of French contract law. through the adoption of Articles 1201 and 1202 of the Civil Code. has for the first time provided a clear and coherent framework for analyzing the validity and effects of such contracts. establishing a fundamental distinction between the validity of the hidden contract in the relationship between the parties and its opposability vis‑à‑vis third parties. According to this approach. the hidden contract is. as a rule. valid and binding between the parties. while it is inopposable to third parties; nevertheless. third parties may invoke it where appropriate for their own benefit. In French law. nullity of the hidden contract is therefore confined to exceptional cases expressly provided for by statute. By contrast. Iranian law. although confronted in practice with a comparable phenomenon under the heading of disguised transactions. lacks a clear theoretical framework for distinguishing between the validity of the genuine transaction and its effects with respect to third parties. Adopting a comparative perspective and drawing on the theory of opposability developed in modern French doctrine. this article seeks to demonstrate that many of the practical difficulties encountered in Iranian law in this field can be resolved not through an extensive recourse to nullity. but rather by recognizing the inopposability of the hidden transaction to the detriment of third parties.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Hidden contract
apparent contract
disguised transaction
inopposability.
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