تأملی بر چالش‌ها و بایسته‌های حاکم بر تعامل‌پذیری هنجارهای سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی و حقوق بشر

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق. دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی. دانشگاه تبریز. تبریز. ایران.

2 گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی. دانشگاه تبریز. تبریز. ایران

چکیده

معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری همواره به‌عنوان عاملی مهم در تقویت همکاری‌های اقتصادی دولت‌ها مطرح بوده است. در نظام کنونی سرمایه‌گذاری بین‌المللی، فرایند جذب سرمایه‌گذاری با حمایت دولت‌ها از سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی همراه است؛ سیاستی که می‌تواند حمایت از حقوق بشر در خصوص اتباع دولت میزبان را تحت‌الشعاع قرار داده، حتی با ترجیح دولت‌ها آن را متوقف نماید. این دغدغه، هرچند در ابتدا به صورت تئوری در محافل علمی مطرح بود، اما در مدت زمان کوتاهی به جهت افزایش پرونده‌های مرتبط، نهادهای رسیدگی‌کننده را به تأمل واداشت. تمرکز اصلی تمامی مباحث یادشده، بررسی تقابل تعهدات و چالش‌های موجود در مسیر تعامل‌پذیری هنجاری دو نظام است. از این رو، سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که آیا میان تعهدات حقوق بشری دولت‌ها با تعهدات قراردادی آنها در زمینۀ سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، تقابل وجود دارد؟ در صورت پاسخ مثبت، چالش‌ها و بایسته‌های تعامل‌پذیری هنجاری میان دو نظام کدام‌اند؟ پیش‌فرض این تحقیق که منابع آن به روش کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری و بررسی توصیفی- تحلیلی شده، بر این پایه استوار است که در صورت تقابل تعهدات و عدم توجه به اعمال اصلاحات جامع در نظام سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، تحقق منافع عمومی و در سطح گسترده‌تر، اهداف حقوق بشریِ دولت‌ها با دشواری روبه‌رو خواهد شد. بنابراین در راستای رفع کاستی‌های موجود در رویکردهای فعلی نظام سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، لازم است راهکارهایی برای اصلاح این نظام در جهت مقررات‌گذاری بیشتر به‌منظور حمایت از حقوق بشر مطرح گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Consideration of the Challenges and Requirements of the Interoperability of Foreign Investment Norms and Human Rights

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ayat Mulaee 1
  • Nasim Soleymani nezhad 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Science. University of Tabriz. Tabriz. Iran
چکیده [English]

Investment treaties play a crucial role in enhancing economic cooperation between governments. The current international investment framework involves the support of governments for foreign investors during the process of attracting investment. This policy can potentially overshadow and even override the protection of human rights for the citizens of the host state. Although this concern was initially raised in theoretical circles, an increase in related cases prompted investigating institutions to delve into the matter. The central focus of these discussions revolves around examining the conflicts and challenges in achieving normative interoperability between the two systems. Consequently, the primary question in the current research is whether there exists a conflict between governments' human rights obligations and their contractual commitments in the realm of foreign investment. If the answer is affirmative, the research aims to explore the challenges and requirements for achieving normative interoperability between these two systems. The research, based on a library-based method and employing a descriptive-analytical approach, posits that conflicting obligations, without comprehensive reforms in the foreign investment system, may impede governments in realizing public interests and achieving their human rights goals on a broad scale. Therefore, the research proposes solutions to address shortcomings in the current approaches of the foreign investment system, emphasizing the need for reforms to enhance regulation and better protect human rights.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Protective standards
  • normatie interactions
  • conflict of obligations
  • human rights
  • international investment arbitration
  • foreign investment

مراجع

  1. A) Books & Articles
  2. Blackaby, Nigel, Redfern, Alan & Hunter, Martin (2015). Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration. 6th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  3. Ebrahim-Pour Esenjan, Adel, & Soleimani Dinani, Maedeh. (2021). The Conflict and Interaction Between Indirect Expropriation and Host State Regulation. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 51(2), 819–839 (In Persian).
  4. Fathi-Nejad, Shahram, & Seyfi Ardebili, Davood. (2013). Law of Foreign Investment. First Edition. Tehran: University Publishing Organization (In Persian).
  5. Gwynne Skinner, Robert McCorquodale, and Olivier De Schutter (2013). The ThirdPillar: Access to Judicial Remedies for Human Rights Violations by Transnational Business, with case studies by Andie Lambe, The International Corporate Accountability Roundtable, 1-95.
  6. Hathaway. Oona (2005). Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law. University of Chicago Law Review.
  7. Jesse Coleman, Lise Johnson, Lisa Sachs, and Kanika Gupta (2018). International Investment Agreements: A Review of Trends and New Approaches. Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy, Oxford University Press.
  8. Jorge E., Viñuales (2012). Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law. Cambridge University Press.
  9. José E., Alvarez (2016). The Use (and Misuse) of European Human Rights Law in Investor-State Dispute Settlement. The Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, 1-130
  10. Lise, Johnson, Lisa Sachs, Jesse, Coleman (2014). International Investment Agreements: A Review of Trends and New Approaches. Andrea K. Bjorklund Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy, Oxford University Press.
  11. Mahmoudi, Seyed Hadi, & Sedighian Kashani, Mansoureh. (2018). Human Rights Obligations and Transnational Corporations with Emphasis on the Approach of the Human Rights Council. Comparative Law Review, 2(9), 829–849 (In Persian).
  12. Olivier De, Schutter (2008). A Human Rights Approach to Trade and Investment Policies. Background Paper for conference on confronting the Global Food Challenge: Finding New Approaches to Trade and Investment that Support the Right to Food, 1-22.
  13. Ramezani Ghavam-Abadi, Mohammad Hossein. (2010). Examining the Content of the Principle of Participation in International Environmental Law. Law and Politics Journal, 12(29), 88–114 (In Persian).
  14. Scheu, Julian & Hofmann, Rainer & Schill, Stephan & Tams, Christian. (2022). Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration in Extraordinary Times. Nomos, Vol. 61.
  15. Seriki, Hakeem (2020). Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards and Public Policy – A Note of Caution. Arbitration and Dispute Resolution Law Journal.
  16. Shahini, Mohammad Reza, & Mozaffari, Ali. (2020). A Comparative Study of Foreign Investment Arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration. Nations’ Law Quarterly, (40), 41–72 (In Persian).
  17. Silvia, Steininger (2018). What’s Human Rights Got to do with it? An Empirical Analysis of Human Rights References in Investment Arbitration. Leiden Journal of International Law (33), 33-58.
  18. Wouters, J. & Hachez, N. (2009). When Rules and Values Collide, How Can a Balanced Application of Investor Protection Provisions and Human Rights Be Ensured? Rts. & Int'l Legal Discourse, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 301- 322.

 

  1. B) Documents
  2. Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Corporation v The Republic of Ecuador (II), PCA Case No. 23 (2009).
  3. Colombia model BIT on Investment and Regulatory Measures (2017).
  4. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union and its Member States (2016).
  5. Morocco-Nigeria BIT (2016).
  6. Norway Draft Model Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (2015).
  7. SAUR International SA v Republic of Argentina, ICSID Case No ARB/04/4.
  8. The Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Judgment (Merits, Reparations and Costs), InterAmerican Court of Human Rights Series C No 146 (2006).
  9. United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No 24 on State Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities: restricting marketing and advertising of certain goods to protect public health’ (2017). UN Doc E/C.12/GC/24.
  10. United Nations General Assembly ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on the Impact of International Investment and Free Trade on the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples’ (2015). UN Doc A/70/301 [53]
  11. United Nations General Assembly, ‘Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law: Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, Finalized by Martti Koskenniemi’ (2006). UN Doc A/CN.4/L.68.
  12. United Nations Human Rights Council ‘Report of the Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order, Alfred Maurice de Zayas’ (2015). UN Doc A/HRC/30/44 [66(b)].
  13. United Nations Human Rights Council ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz’ (2016). UN Doc A/HRC/33/42 [31]
  14. United Nations Human Rights Council ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, (2014), UN Doc A/69/299 [50].
  15. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework (2011).
  16. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Human Rights Impact Assessments of Trade and Investment Agreements (2011). (Addendum to the Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter).
  17. Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (2012).

 

  1. C) Websites
  2. The European Commission Consultation on the Multilateral Investment Court: A Breach of the Fundamental Purpose of Public Participation in Decision-Making Center for International Environmental Law« (2021,11/05). Layla Hughes. http://www.ciel.org/european-commission-consultation-multilateral-investmentcourt
مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
پاییز و زمستان 1404
دی 1404
صفحه 739-758

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