شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در تعیین قلمرو مسئولیتِ زیان‌زننده؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی حقوق ایران، انگلستان و اصول اروپایی حقوق مسئولیت ‏مدنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه حقوق، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران‏

چکیده

با تحقق عمل زیان‌بار، ضرر و رابطۀ سببیت، مسئولیت مدنی محقق می‌‌شود. صرف ‌نظر از شناسایی انواع خسارت و شرایط جبران‌پذیری آن، چگونگی طراحی و تعیین قلمرو مسئولیتِ زیان‌زننده ازجمله موضوعات بنیادین است. به‌طور معمول توجه نویسندگان حقوقی معطوف به جنبۀ جبرانی پرداخت خسارت است و برای تعیین قلمرو مسئولیت، صرفاً میزان خسارت وارده به زیان‌دیده را مورد توجه قرار می‌دهند. این درحالی است که این نگاه اشکالاتی به همراه دارد که از جملۀ آن می‌توان به نادیده گرفتن سایر اهداف حقوق مسئولیت مدنی مانند هدف بازدارندگی اشاره کرد. هدف نوشتار حاضر که با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استفاده از مطالعۀ کتابخانه‌ای به‌رشته تحریر درآمده، شناسایی عوامل دخیل در تعیین قلمرو مسئولیتِ زیان‌زننده است. بر همین پایه این پرسش قابل طرح است که چگونه می‌توان قلمرو مسئولیت را تعیین نمود؟ عوامل مؤثر در ترسیم قلمرو مسئولیتِ زیان‌زننده کدام است؟ آیا نظام حقوقی ایران، انگلستان و اصول اروپایی حقوق مسئولیت مدنی در این باره از منطق روشنی پیروی کرده‌اند؟ برخلاف حقوق ایران و انگلستان، اصول اروپایی حقوق مسئولیت مدنی از قواعد روشنی در این خصوص برخوردار است؛ با این حال، مطالعۀ مصادیق متنوع در حقوق انگلستان و ایران، حکایت از توجه این نظام‌های حقوقی به عوامل مختلف در تعیین قلمرو مسئولیت دارد. این تحقیق نشان داده است مبنای مسئولیت مدنی، نوع خسارت وارده، وضعیت زیان‌زننده و زیان‌دیده و همچنین ملاحظات مربوط به سیاست‌گذاری، نقش غیر‌قابل انکاری در ترسیم قلمرو مسئولیت مدنی دارند. به‌روشنی جلوه‌هایی از توجه به این عوامل در نظام‌های حقوقی یادشده نمایان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying effective factors in determining the scope of the‏ ‏tortfeasor's ‎liability A comparative study of Iran, England and Principles of ‎European Tort Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Reza Daryaee
Department of Law, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran‎
چکیده [English]

With the realization of the harmful act, the loss and the relationship of causation, civil liability is realized. Regardless of identifying the types of damage and the conditions for its compensability, One of the fundamental issues is how to define and determine the scope of the tortfeasor's liability for damages. Usually, the attention of legal writers is focused on the compensatory aspect of paying damages, and to determine the scope of liability, they only consider the amount of damage caused to the victim. However, this view has some problems, including ignoring other goals of civil liability, such as the goal of deterrence. The purpose of this article, which was written using descriptive and analytical method and library study, is to identify the factors involved in determining the scope of liability. On this basis, the question can be raised that how can the area of liability be determined? What are the effective factors in determining the scope of the tortfeasor's liability? Have the legal systems of Iran, England and the Principles of European Tort Law followed a clear logic in this regard? Unlike the laws of Iran and England, the European principles of civil liability law have clear rules in this regard; However, the study of various examples in the laws of England and Iran indicates that these legal systems pay attention to various factors in determining the area of liability. The research showed that the basis of civil liability, the type of damage caused, the situation of the tortfeasor and the victim, as well as policy-related considerations have an undeniable role in delineating the scope of the liability. Manifestations of paying attention to these factors are clearly visible in the aforementioned legal systems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • The scope of the liability
  • ‎Tortfeasor
  • Tort law
  • Iran
  • ‎England
  • Principles of ‎European Tort Law.‎
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