دادگاه‌های تجاری بین‌المللی؛ مطالعۀ موردی مرکز مالی بین‌المللی دبی ‏‎(DIFC)‎‏ و بازار جهانی ابوظبی ‏ADGM)‎‏)‏

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی و مدرس گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اسلامشهر، اسلامشهر، ‏ایران. ‏

2 گروه فقه، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اسلامشهر، اسلامشهر، ایران‏

3 گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

عوامل بیولوژیک با نقض فاحش حقوق بشر، سلامت و امنیت جوامع را نشانه می‌رود. در این شیوه با استفاده از عوامل سمی، میکروبی و بیولوژیکی اقدام به عملیات تروریستی و آلوده‌سازی افراد می‌شود. لذا این نوع تروریسم خطرهای بیشتری نسبت به تروریسم سنتی دارد و قابلیت انتقال و انتشار بیشتری در جامعه پیدا می‌کند. هدف پژوهش حاضر «تحلیل کیفرگذاری بیوتروریسم در حقوق کیفری ایران و اسناد بین‌المللی» است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی؛ از نظر ماهیتِ داده‌ها، «بنیادی- نظری» است که به روش کیفی با تحلیل محتوا از اسناد داخلی و بین‌المللی انجام گرفته است. نتایج حاکیست در نظام حقوقی ایران نگاه تخصصی و افتراقی به سیاست‌گذاری بیوتروریسم وجود ندارد. هرچند در برخی اسناد (برنامۀ پنج‌سالۀ پنجم و ششم و قانون امنیت زیستی) گام‌های مثبتی برداشته شده است، لکن به دلیل سرعت کُند قانون‌گذاری، نبود نگاه افتراقی به بیوتروریسم و ضعف ضمانت اجرا، سازوکارهای مبارزه با آن کارآمد نیست؛ به‌طوری که ضمن عدم تعریف صریح بیوتروریسم، برخی از مصادیق آن مانند آلودگی هوا، آب و گیاهان فاقد کیفر شناخته شده‌اند. این خلأها نیازمند اصلاح و تدوین سیاست تقنینی منسجم است. تدابیر بین‌المللی نیز نیازمند اصلاح از لحاظ داشتن ضمانت اجرای قوی و پیش‌بینی سیستم راستی‌آزمایی کارآمد است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of the Punishment of Bioterrorism in Iranian Criminal Law ‎and International Documents

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Gholami Razini 1
  • Mosaieb Davari 2
  • Ehsan Gholami 3
1 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology and Lecturer in the Department of Law, Faculty of ‎Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Islamshahr, Iran. ‎
2 Department of Jurisprudence, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, ‎Islamshahr, Iran
3 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Law, , Islamic Azad University, ‎Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Biological agents pose a serious threat to public health and societal security by flagrantly violating fundamental human rights. In bioterrorist operations, terrorists deliberately use toxic, microbial, and biological substances to contaminate individuals and spread disease. This form of terrorism is more dangerous than conventional terrorism, given its heightened potential for transmission and widespread dissemination within communities. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the punishment of bioterrorism under Iranian criminal law and international legal instruments. From a methodological standpoint, the research is applied in purpose and fundamental in nature. It employs a qualitative content analysis of relevant domestic and international legal documents. The findings reveal that the Iranian legal system lacks a specialized and differentiated policy framework addressing bioterrorism. Although some progress has been made in official documents—such as the Fifth and Sixth Five-Year Development Plans and the Biosecurity Law—serious deficiencies remain. These include the slow legislative process, absence of a distinct legal approach to bioterrorism, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the lack of a precise legal definition of bioterrorism. As a result, certain acts that could be classified as bioterrorism are not clearly criminalized or sanctioned under existing law. These legislative and policy gaps necessitate urgent reform and the development of a coherent and integrated legal strategy. Similarly, international efforts must also be revisited and improved—particularly by strengthening enforcement mechanisms and establishing efficient systems of verification and compliance monitoring.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • international documents
  • ‎bioterrorism
  • Iranian ‎criminal law
  • ‎criminalization
  • ‎sentencing.‎

مراجع

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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 31
بهار و تابستان 1404
تیر 1404
صفحه 283-304

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