مطالعۀ تطبیقی نهاد دستور به تعهد و ایفا در حقوق تعهدات نوین فرانسه و ‏مقایسۀ آن با نهادهای مشابه در حقوق ایران

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه حقوق، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

قانون‌گذار فرانسوی در سال 2016 در اصلاحات جدید حقوق تعهدات، در راستای آسان کردن شیوه‌های پرداخت و با رویکرد اقتصادی که به حقوق تعهدات داشته است، در مادۀ 1336 قانون مدنی به پیش‌بینی نهادی سه‌جانبه با عنوان Délégation (دلگسیون) در کنار نهادهایی مثل تبدیل تعهد، انتقال دین، انتقال طلب و دستور سادۀ پرداخت اقدام نموده است. این نهاد در آثار حقوقی فرانسه در دو نوع کامل و ناقص مورد شناسایی واقع شده است که هرچند شباهت‌هایی با عقد حواله و تبدیل تعهد و شیوه‌های پرداخت ثمن در حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل دارد، ولی چون در مرحلۀ تشکیل قرارداد (و نه اثر قرارداد) بدون توجه به وجود یا نبود دین پایه است، قراردادی مستقل محسوب می‌شود و در هر دو نوع آن- صحت و بطلان- از قرارداد پایه تبعیت نمی‌کند و در رابطۀ میان دستورگیرنده و ذی‌نفعِ دستور اصل عدم توجه به ایرادات اجرا می‌شود و همین امر موجب جذابیت و کارایی بالای اقتصادی آن نسبت به سایر نهادهای مشابه است. هرچند قانون‌گذار ایرانی چنین نهادی را پیش‌بینی نکرده است، ولی کاربست آن در حقوق تعهدات ایران، مستند به مادۀ 10 قانون مدنی با مانع خاصی روبه‌رو نیست و اتفاقاً با ویژگی‌هایی که دارد از طرح دعاوی متعدد و پیوسته در دادگاه‌ها جلوگیری می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the institution of order to accept debt and ‎payment in French modern law of obligations and compare it with ‎similar institutions in Iranian law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Kazemi
  • Nader Pourarshad
Department of Law, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
چکیده [English]

In 2016, the French legislator, as part of the new reforms in the law of obligations, introduced a tripartite legal institution called Délégation (Delegation) in Article 1336 of the Civil Code. This was done to facilitate payment methods and in line with the legislator's economic approach to obligations law. This institution was presented alongside other mechanisms such as novation, debt assignment, claim transfer, and simple payment orders. In French legal scholarship, Délégation is classified into two types: complete and incomplete. Although it bears similarities to remittance contracts, novation, and payment mechanisms under international trade law, it is regarded as an independent contract because it arises at the stage of contract formation (rather than as a consequence of a contract), regardless of the existence or nonexistence of an underlying obligation. In both forms, its validity is independent of the underlying contract, and in the relationship between the delegator and the beneficiary, the principle of non-consideration of defects applies. This feature makes Délégation particularly attractive and economically efficient compared to other similar institutions. Although the Iranian legislator has not explicitly recognized such an institution, its application within the Iranian law of obligations does not face any legal obstacle under Article 10 of the Civil Code. Moreover, due to its unique characteristics, it can help reduce frequent and repetitive lawsuits in the courts.Scientific-research.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Order
  • obligation
  • ‎fulfillment
  • simple order
  • ‎incomplete order).‎

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مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 01 تیر 1404

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