جایگاه رکن «ضرر و زیان» در مذاکرات کنوانسیون چارچوب ملل متحد در ‏خصوص تغییر آب و هوا (‏UNFCCC‏) و تأثیر طرح دعاوی قضایی داخلی ‏(در کشورهای پیشرفته و توسعه‌نیافته) و بین‌المللی بر آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فقه و حقوق پژوهشکدۀ امام خمینی و انقلاب اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، واحد تهران جنوب، تهران، ایران‏

10.22059/jcl.2023.353664.634462

چکیده

ازآنجایی که مذاکرات کنوانسیون چارچوب سازمان ملل متحد در مورد تغییرات آب و هوایی (UNFCCC) در ارائۀ حمایت کافی از قربانیان آب و هوا شکست خورده است، کشورهای آسیب‌پذیر و نیز سازمان‌های غیردولتی با جدیت در حال بررسی راه‌های قانونی برای به‌دست‌آوردن منابعی جهت جبران «ضرر و زیان» وارده هستند و در این مسیر طرح دعاوی قضایی را عامل هدایتگری مذاکرات UNFCCC به سمت پیش‌بینی و مقرر داشتن منابع این جبران می‌دانند. این مقاله با تأکید بر ضرورت حمایت جامعۀ بین‌الملل از آسیب‌های اقلیمی ناشی از دست‌کاری درآب و هوا، به‌ویژه آسیب‌های وارده بر کشورهای آسیب‌پذیر و کمترتوسعه‌یافته، با هدف اثبات تأثیر دعاوی ضرر و زیان بر مذاکرات UNFCCC و به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، به بررسی دیدگاه‌های موافقان و مخالفان این ایده و دلایل آنها و نیز عناصر و نهادهای مؤثر در این قضیه همچون سازمان‌های غیردولتی و شبکه‌های دعوای حقوقی می‌پردازد و درنهایت اثبات می‌کند که علی‌رغم این واقعیت که سازوکار طرح دعوی قضایی مسئولیت و جبران خسارت‌های آب و هوایی هنوز در مراحل نه‌چندان پیشرفته است، اما به‌عنوان راهی قانونی دارای ظرفیت قابل‌توجهی برای هدایت مذاکرات UNFCCC در موضوع ضرر و زیان، به‌ویژه لزوم «تعیین منابع مالی جدید و اضافه» بر دو رکن کاهش و سازگاری از سوی UNFCCC است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The position of the pillar "Loss and Damage" in the UNFCCC ‎negotiations and the impact of domestic (in developed and ‎underdeveloped countries) and international lawsuits on it

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Vatani 1
  • Masoumeh Zamanian 2
1 Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, ‎Tehran, Iran
2 Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Payam Noor University, South Tehran ‎branch,Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

As the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations have failed to provide adequate protection to climate victims, vulnerable countries as well as non-governmental organizations are actively exploring legal avenues for relief. Bringing resources to compensate for the "Loss and Damage" and in this way, they consider the lawsuits as the reason for directing the UNFCCC negotiations towards predicting and stipulating the resources of this compensation. Emphasizing the necessity of the international community's support for climate damage caused by climate manipulation, especially the damage caused to vulnerable and less developed countries, this article aims to prove the impact of Loss and Damage claims on the UNFCCC negotiations and in a descriptive and analytical way, to examine the viewpoints of the proponents. and the opponents of this idea and their reasons, as well as the elements and institutions effective in this matter, such as non-governmental organizations and legal networks, finally proves that despite the fact that the mechanism of lawsuits for liability and compensation for climate harms is still in a not very advanced stage, but as a legal way it has a significant capacity to guide the UNFCCC negotiations on the issue of losses and damages, especially the need to "new and additional financial resources" on the two pillars of mitigation and adaptation by the UNFCCC.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • UNFCCC
  • pollution ‎reduction
  • environmental ‎adaptation
  • climate ‎change
  • climate damage
  • ‎climate compensation ‎financing.‎

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