مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

امکان‌سنجی مصونیت حقوقی پزشک در روابط غیرقراردادی اورژانسی (مطالعۀ تطبیقی در حقوق ایران و امریکا)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
چکیده
تنوع زیستی و ذخایر ژنتیکی از ارکان اساسی زندگی بشر و حفظ تعادل زیست‌محیطی به‌شمار می‌آیند و تأثیر مستقیم بر سلامت اکوسیستم‌ها و کیفیت حیات انسان دارند. با این حال، در عصر حاضر، چالش‌های متعددی مانند تغییرات اقلیمی، فعالیت‌های صنعتی، و تخریب زیستگاه‌ها به‌عنوان تهدیدهای جدی برای این منابع مطرح شده‌اند. مسئلۀ یادشده، ضرورت توجه ویژه به مسئولیت دولت‌ها برای حفاظت از ذخایر طبیعی را بیش از پیش نمایان می‌سازد. در پژوهش حاضر که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شده است، نگارندگان تلاش نموده‌اند تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهند که اسلام و حقوق بین‌الملل درخصوص مسئولیت دولت‌ها در حفاظت از تنوع زیستی و ذخایر ژنتیکی محیط زیست چه دیدگاه‌هایی دارند؟ نتایج پژوهش حاضر حاکی از آن است که آموزه‌های اسلامی، زمین و منابع طبیعی را به‌عنوان امانتی الهی درنظر می‌گیرند و بر حفظ و صیانت از آنها تأکید دارند. آیات قرآن و احادیث نبوی در این راستا، چارچوبی مستحکم برای اخلاق زیست‌محیطی به‌وجود می‌آورد که دولت‌ها را به‌عنوان ناظر و حافظ منابع طبیعی تخمین می‌زند. از سوی دیگر، حقوق بین‌الملل با تعهداتی که برای دولت‌ها تعیین می‌‌کند، مسئولیت‌های دولت‌ها را در حفاظت از تنوع زیستی مشخص می‌سازد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Feasibility of physician's legal immunity in non-contractual emergency relations (comparative study in Iranian and American law)

نویسندگان English

Atefeh Ajori Ayask 1
Atefeh Ajori Ayask 2
1 Department of Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 Ph. D. in Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Payame Noor University, Iran
چکیده English

The importance of taking action to save another person’s life outside medical settings, especially by physicians, due to their skills, is evident. However, these individuals often refrain from intervening to save a patient because of the potential legal liabilities that might arise in such situations. Therefore, various countries have adopted measures to increase emergency assistance. One such measure is the enactment of legal obligations for assistance and criminalization of the abandonment of assistance. Another approach is to remove obstacles to helping the injured through laws that facilitate emergency aid. In the United States, laws known as Good Samaritan laws grant legal immunity, under certain conditions, for injuries caused during assistance, encouraging people to help the injured with greater confidence. However, in our country, despite the necessity of a physician’s intervention in non-contractual relationships to save patients’ lives, such laws do not exist. Therefore, this article examines the necessity or lack thereof for enacting laws similar to the Good Samaritan law in Iran. Although the rule of benevolence (ihsan) is similar to Good Samaritan laws in many ways, differences prevent it from providing sufficient immunity, and thus do not create the necessary motivation for emergency aid, making legislative action necessary in this regard.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

physician
good Samaritan
legal immunity
non-contractual relations
rule of benevolence (Ihsan).
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