امکان‌سنجی انعقاد قرارداد هوشمند به‌عنوان یک قرارداد حقوقی معتبر؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی در حقوق ایران و سوئیس

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jcl.2025.384842.634694

چکیده

قراردادهای هوشمند به‌عنوان نوعی از نوآوری در حوزۀ حقوقی و فناوری اطلاعات محسوب می‌شوند، با این ‌حال در نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف در خصوص طبقه‌بندی آنها با عنوان قرارداد به معنای حقوقی آن، اختلاف ‌نظر وجود دارد و امکان انعقاد قرارداد معتبر حقوقی در قالب این‌گونه قراردادها مورد سؤال است. برای پاسخ به این دغدغه، در پژوهش حاضر پس از بررسی مفهوم قرارداد از نظر حقوقی در حقوق ایران و سوئیس، به تطبیق حالت‌های مختلف این نوع تراکنش پرداخته می‌شود. به‌نظر می‌رسد در خصوص استفاده‌ از انواع قراردادهای هوشمند، تنها آن دسته که سبب ایجاد اثر حقوقی با توافق دو یا چند طرف شده است، به معنای حقوقی در زمرۀ قراردادها محسوب می‌شود. به‌علاوه، شرایط عمومی صحت قراردادها در آنها مورد بررسی اختصاصی قرار گرفت و دیده شد که آن دسته از قراردادهای هوشمند که با هدف انشای اراده و با رعایت شرایط اساسی صحت معاملات منعقد می‌شوند، قابلیت اجرایی به‌عنوان یک قرارداد معتبر حقوقی را دارند. با این حال، ازآنجا که بهره ‌بردن از مزایای چنین قراردادی در گرو درج ماده‌ای جهت شناسایی این قراردادها و ذکر شرایط اختصاصی انعقاد آنها مانند برخورداری از امضاهای دیجیتال است، پیشنهاد شد مقررات حقوقی و فنی قراردادهای هوشمند به قانون تجارت الکترونیکی افزوده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Feasibility of Smart Contract Formation as a Legally Valid Contract: A Comparative Study in Iranian and Swiss Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abbas Karimi 1
  • Sahar Karimi 2
  • Sina Habibi 3
1 Professor at the Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor at the Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3 PhD Student in the Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

A smart contract is a computer program in which virtual or physical assets are exchanged for cryptocurrencies upon the fulfillment of mutually agreed conditions, verified by artificial intelligence, and automatically executed. Different legal systems have varying opinions on whether a smart contract qualifies as a legal contract. This research addresses this question by analyzing the legal concept of contracts in Iranian and Swiss law and exploring the various forms of these transactions. It seems that distinguishing whether the parties' mutual agreement precedes the smart contract or vice versa is crucial. In the former case, the smart contract is not considered a legal contract, whereas in the latter, it is classified as a legal contract and subject to general contract rules. Moreover, specific elements such as digital signatures and the use of cryptocurrencies in smart contracts differ from traditional contracts. The advantages of these contracts depend on the inclusion of provisions recognizing smart contracts, along with the specific conditions for their formation, such as the use of digital signatures in the Electronic Commerce Code. Additionally, provisions should recognize cryptocurrencies and outline the formalities for obtaining ownership of these currencies in the Monetary and Banking Code, as proposed in this research.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Blockchain
  • Cryptocurrency
  • Digital Signature
  • Self-Executing
  • Smart Contract

مراجع

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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
پاییز و زمستان 1404
دی 1404
صفحه 695-716

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