مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی

قانون‌گذاری با حرکت یک قلم: اقدامات یک‌جانبۀ رئیس‌جمهور در نظام حقوقی ایالات متحدۀ امریکا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.
2 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
3 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران
چکیده
نگارندگان این مقاله با هدف بررسی جایگاه، ماهیت و حدود اختیارات رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده در صدور دستورات یک‌جانبه با بهره‌گیری از رویکردی تحلیلی بهدنبال پاسخ به این پرسش اساسی‌اند که مبانی نظری و حقوقی این دستورات چیست، چه اقسامی دارد و تا چه اندازه می‌توان آنها را در چارچوب قانون اساسی و اصول بنیادین تفکیک قوا محدود کرد. در این مقاله مبانی نظری این اختیارات و انواع مختلف دستورات یک‌جانبۀ ریاست‌جمهوری، ازجمله فرمان‌های اجرایی، اعلامیه‌ها، دستورالعمل‌های امنیت ملی و توافقنامه‌های اجرایی معرفی و تحلیل می‌شوند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که دستورات یک‌جانبه به‌رغم نداشتن صراحت در متن قانون اساسی، به پشتوانۀ تفسیر موسع از بند واگذاری قدرت اجرایی در اصل دوم، مشروعیت نسبی یافته، به ابزاری کلیدی برای رؤسای جمهور تبدیل شده است. استفادۀ گسترده از این اختیارات نگرانی‌هایی دربارۀ تمرکز قدرت اجرایی و تضعیف سازوکارهای نظارتی و مشارکتی در نظام حکمرانی ایالات متحده پدید آورده است. استمرار مشروعیت و کارآمدی دستورات یک‌جانبه، در گرو همراهی نسبی کنگره، نظارت قضایی و پذیرش عمومی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Lawmaking by the Stroke of a Pen: Presidential Unilateral Actions in the U.S. Legal System Lawmaking by the Stroke of a Pen: Presidential Unilateral Actions in the U.S. Legal System

نویسندگان English

Fardin Moradkhani 1
Mojammasreza Pakizeh 2
Mohammashosein Ghiyas 3
1 Associate Prof, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
2 MA. in Public Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 MA. In Public Law, Department of Law, Farabi College, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran
چکیده English

This article aims to examine the status, nature, and scope of the President of the United States' authority to issue unilateral directives. Using an analytical approach, it seeks to answer the fundamental question of what the theoretical and legal foundations of these directives are, what types they include, and to what extent they can be constrained within the framework of the Constitution and the fundamental principles of separation of powers. The article explores the theoretical bases of these powers and analyzes various forms of unilateral presidential directives, including executive orders, proclamations, national security directives, and executive agreements. The findings indicate that although such directives are not explicitly mentioned in the text of the Constitution, they have gained relative legitimacy through a broad interpretation of the Executive Power Clause in Article II, becoming a key tool for presidents. However, the extensive use of these powers has raised concerns about the concentration of executive authority and the weakening of oversight and participatory mechanisms in the U.S. governance system. The continued legitimacy and effectiveness of unilateral directives depend on relative cooperation from Congress, judicial oversight, and public acceptance.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Executive Order
Prerogative Powers
Separation of Powers
U.S. Constitution
Unilateral Directives.
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