مطالعۀ تطبیقی قطعنامه‌های مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد در مورد انتخابات ملی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

در این مقاله به مطالعۀ تطبیقی متن قطعنامه‌های انتخاباتی دوسالانۀ مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد در فاصلۀ سال‌های 2013 تا 2023 پرداخته می‌شود. نویسنده با گزینش منابع، پژوهش در اسناد و نیز تفسیر تطبیقی داده‌ها به این نتیجه می‌رسد که مفاهیم و عبارات مندرج در متن قطعنامه‌ها به شکل فزاینده و معنا‌داری تقویت شده‌اند. متعاقب اثبات این واقعیت عینیِ مهم، تلاش شده است تا با استناد به رویۀ دولت‌ها در هنگام تدوین و تصویب متن قطعنامه‌ها، نشان داده شود که نوع مواجهۀ دولت‌ها با قطعنامه‌های مجمع عمومی بسیار فراتر از تلقی آنها به‌عنوان توصیه‌نامه‌های غیرالزام‌آور است. پژوهشگر تلاش کرده است تا از یافته‌های انضمامی تحقیق در جهت تقویت این استدلال انتزاعی استفاده نماید که قطعنامه‌های مجمع عمومی با بهره‌مندی از ظرفیت مشروع‌سازی ایده‌ها و رویه‌ها می‌توانند بر پذیرش تدریجی استانداردهای دموکراتیک از سوی دولت‌ها اثر گذاشته، از این حیث یک ابزار مؤثر برای پیشبرد اهداف و اصول حقوق بشری سازمان ملل متحد باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Analysis of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on National Elections

نویسنده [English]

  • Hadi Dadmehr
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

This article conducts a comparative textual study of the biannual resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly on national elections from 2013 to 2023. The author argues that the concepts and phrases included in the texts of the resolutions have been increasingly and significantly strengthened. Based on this important objective fact, and also based on the practices of states during the drafting and adoption of the resolution texts, the article concludes that states’ perceptions of the General Assembly resolutions go far beyond considering them as non-binding recommendations. The author uses the research data to support the argument that General Assembly resolutions, by legitimizing some ideas and practices, can promote the acceptance of democratic standards by states. In this way, they serve as an effective tool for the advancement of United Nations human rights goals and principles.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • General Assembly
  • International Law
  • National Elections
  • Resolutions

مراجع

  1. A) Books and Articles
  2. Obed Y. (1966). The Legal Significance of the Declarations of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
  3. Azizi, Satar (2012). The Role of General Assembly in Codification and Development of the Right to Self-determination. in The Collected Essays of the Conference on the Rule of the UN General Assembly in Codification and Progressive Development of International Law. Tehran: Iranian Association for United Nations Studies. 139-164 (In Persian).
  4. Barber, Rebecca (2021). Revisiting the Legal Effect of General Assembly Resolutions: Can an Authorizing Competence for the Assembly be Grounded in the Assembly’s ‘Established Practice’, ‘Subsequent Practice’ or Customary International Law? Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 26(1), 9–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kraa025
  5. Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza (2012). The UN General Assembly and Globalization of International Law. in The Collected Essays of the Conference on the Rule of the UN General Assembly in Codification and Progressive Development of International Law. Tehran: Iranian Association for United Nations Studies. 49-63 (In Persian).
  6. Bleicher S.A. (1969). The Legal Significance of Re-Citation of General Assembly Resolutions. American Journal of International Law. 63(3), 444-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/2198866
  7. Chen, Lung-chu (2015). An Introduction to Contemporary International Law_ A Policy-Oriented Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  8. D’Acquisto, Germana (2017). A Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Discourse: UN Resolutions on the Question of Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  9. Falk RA. (1966). On the Quasi-Legislative Competence of the General Assembly. American Journal of International Law. 60(4), 782-791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2196928
  10. Ghanbarloo, A. (2016). The Impacts of Elections on the International Reputation of the Governments: with Emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 18(69), 171-196. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17350727.1394.18.69.7.3 (In Persian).
  11. Ghoreshi, Seyed Yousef (2016). An examination of Security Council resolutions regarding North Korea; a discursive analysis from Fairclough's perspective. World Politics, 16 (1), 107-145 (In Persian).
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  14. Jafarifar, Ehsan; Nasiri Hamed, Reza (2022). The Role of the UN Security Council in Adopting Resolutions Against ISIS. international organizations, 5 (1), 33-60 (In Persian).
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  22. Momtaz, Jamshid (2012). The UN General Assembly Resolutions as a New Feature of Codification and Development of International Law. in The Collected Essays of the Conference on the Rule of the UN General Assembly in Codification and Progressive Development of International Law. Tehran: Iranian Association for United Nations Studies. 48-39 (In Persian).
  23. Öberg, Marko Divac (2005). The Legal Effects of Resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ, European Journal of International Law, 16(5), 879–906. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chi151
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  1. B) Documents
  2. Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (2011)
  3. International Law Commission Draft Conclusions on Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Relation to the Interpretation of Treaties with Commentaries (2008).
  4. International Law Commission Draft Conclusions on the Identification of Customary Law (2008)
  5. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports )1996(.
  6. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, ICJ Reports (1986).
  7. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations (1986).
  8. A_RES_43_157 (1988)
  9. A_RES_44_147 (1989)
  10. A_RES_50_185 (1995)
  11. A_RES_52_119 (1997)
  12. A_RES_54_168 (1999)
  13. A_RES_56_154 (2001)
  14. A_RES_58_189 (2003)
  15. A_RES_60_164 (2005)
  16. A_RES_62_150 (2007)
  17. A_RES_64_155 (2009)
  18. A_RES_68_164 (2013)
  19. A_RES_70_168 (2015)
  20. A_RES_72_164 (2017)
  21. A_RES_74_158 (2019)
  22. A_RES_76_176 (2021)
  23. 3_66_L.71 (2011)
  24. 3_68_L.72 (2013)
  25. 3_70_L.64 (2015)
  26. 3_72_L.65 (2017)
  27. 3_74_L.6 (2019)
  28. A/C.3/78/L.66 (2023)
  29. A/76/266 (2021)
  30. A/78/260 (2023)
  31. A/78/PV.50 (2023)
مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
پاییز و زمستان 1404
دی 1404
صفحه 459-481

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