استقلال قضایی دانشگاه؛ بررسی تطبیقی حقوق امریکا و ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

چکیده

فلسفۀ استقلال دانشگاه پایش درونی است. اگرچه استقلال دانشگاه‌های ایران به‌رسمیت شناخته شده است، اما در دهۀ گذشته تمایل فزاینده‌ای از سوی شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی برای منع ورود مراجع قضایی به دعاوی دانشگاهی مشاهده می‌شود. ورود شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی به موضوعاتی از قبیل تحدید صلاحیت دیوان عدالت اداری و سایر مراجع قضایی می‌تواند نظم حقوقی دادگاه‌ها را در ابتدایی‌ترین و در عین حال، مهم‌ترین موضوع یعنی «صلاحیت» مختل نماید. این اقدام دخالت در وظایف مجلس شورای اسلامی است و شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی را هم‌ردیف با مجلس قرار می‌دهد. هیئت عالی تجدیدنظر دو وزارتخانۀ علوم و بهداشت و و نیز دانشگاه آزاد که در سال 1387 با مصوبۀ 630 این شورا تأسیس شد و صلاحیتش اخیراً به‌موجب مصوبۀ تجمیعی- تکمیلی در جلسۀ شمارۀ 893 گسترش یافته است، نمی‌تواند صلاحیت مراجع قضایی را تحدید کند. ایجاد هیئتی از بطن دانشگاه برای رسیدگی به مرافعات واجد ویژگی علمی دانشگاهیان، ایدۀ بسیار مطلوبی است که در حقوق امریکا نیز با دکترین امتناع آکادمیک پایه‌گذاری شد، ولی هیئت عالی تجدیدنظر دو وزارتخانۀ نامبرده و دانشگاه آزاد در حال حاضر ماهیت و خصوصیات مراجع شبه‌قضایی را ندارد. انتقاداتی که به هیئت عالی وارد شده به نحوۀ ورود آن به مراجع شبه‌قضایی ایران است. در حقوق امریکا دادگاه‌ها تلاش می‌کنند تا تعادلی بین استقلال دانشگاه و قوانین ضدتبعیض برقرار کنند. آنها به تخصص دانشگاهیان در امور علمی، آموزشی و پژوهشی احترام می‌گذارند، اما در عین حال، سوءاستفاده از قدرت و تبعیض را تحمل نمی‌کنند. دادگاه‌ها در صورت سوءاستفاده از اختیارات یا اقدام خودسرانۀ مقامات دانشگاهی مداخله می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Judicial Independence of the University:‎ A Comparative Study of American and Iranian Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Hossein KAVIAR
Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Arak University, Arak, ‎Iran
چکیده [English]

Although the independence of higher education institutions in Iran has been recognized, in the last decade, there has been an increasing tendency on the part of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to prohibit the involvement of judicial authorities in university lawsuits. The intervention of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution in issues such as limiting the jurisdiction of the Administrative Court of Justice and other judicial authorities can disrupt the legal order of the courts in the most basic and, at the same time, the most important matter: “jurisdiction”. This action interferes with the duties of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and places the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution on the same level as the Parliament. The Supreme Appellate Board of the Ministers of Science, Health, and Azad University, which was established in 2008 by Council Resolution No. 630 and whose jurisdiction was recently expanded by the supplementary collective resolution in Session No. 893, cannot restrict the jurisdiction of judicial authorities. Creating an internal university committee to handle academic appeals is a highly desirable idea, one that has also been established in American law through the doctrine of academic deference. However, the current Supreme Appellate Committee of the ministers and Azad University does not yet possess the nature and characteristics of quasi-judicial authorities. The criticisms directed at the Supreme Council relate to the manner of its intervention in Iran’s quasi-judicial authorities. In American law, courts try to strike a balance between university autonomy and anti-discrimination laws. They respect academic expertise in scientific, educational, and research matters, but at the same time, they do not tolerate abuse of power or discrimination. Courts intervene in cases of abuse of authority or arbitrary actions by academic officials.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • American law
  • scientific
  • ‎educational and research ‎affairs
  • doctrine of ‎academic refusal
  • Court of ‎Administrative Justice
  • ‎Supreme Court of Appeals.‎

مراجع

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مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 31
بهار و تابستان 1404
تیر 1404
صفحه 355-381

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