The reactive approach of the criminal policy of the Persian Gulf countries in dealing with the conflict of interests in the administrative system

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

3 PhD in Public Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

Abstract

One of the challenges of the administrative system is the emergence of conflicts of interest among employees, which can imperil the public interests related to their job duties due to the motivation to pursue personal interests. The corrupting capacity of such a situation challenges the static stance of some systems in not intervening until the actualization of the abuses of those involved, and demonstrates the need to design an effective criminal policy that can counter this with the proper use of formal sanctions. In the present study, the reactionary rather than preventive responses to the criminal policy of the Persian Gulf countries regarding the conflict of interest situation have been studied in a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that some countries, such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have adopted a delinquentization approach to conflict of interest, in which they deal with violators by administrative and disciplinary sanctions. This is while countries like Iraq, Oman and Kuwait use the criminal sanctions. Items such as activities and cooperation with private institutions related to government employment, holding stocks in private institutions related to the employee's job, refusing to forgo personal interest or resignation from a government job that creates conflict, refusing to render financial statements of employees who are exposed to conflicts of interest as well as abuse of job position in conflict of interest situations where it is not covered by the usual offenses in criminal law are among the examples that have faced formal and especially criminal sanctions in the criminal policy of these countries.

Keywords


  1. الف) فارسی

    - مقالات

    1. ریگاکاس، جورج اس. (1392). «جامعۀ خطر و جرم‏شناسی سنجشی: جنبه‏هایی برای یک گفتمان انتقادی»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات بین‏المللی پلیس، ش13.
    2. فرحی، مریم و هوشیار، مهدی (1400). «دکترین ابطال به واسطۀ ابهام در آینه آرای دیوان عالی ایالات متحده امریکا و امکان‏سنجی آن در نظام کیفری ایران»، دوفصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، دورۀ 12، ش 2.

     

    - پایان‏نامه

    1. محمودی جانکی، فیروز (1382). مبانی، اصول و شیوه‏های جرم‏انگاری، رسالۀ دکتری، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران.

     

    ب) عربی

    - مقالات

    1. شنته، عامر حسن (2021). «جریمه تضارب المصالح»، مجلس القضاء الأعلی، به آدرس:

    <https://www.hjc.iq/view.67930/> (last visited on 13/05/ 2021)

    1. عبدالله، حسین (2019). «الدستوریه تلغی تعارض المصالح و لائحته لمخالفته الدستور»، جریده الجریده. ش 4107، به آدرس:

    <https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1556732019473666500/?previous=2019-05-02> (last visited on 24/05/ 2021)

    1. «النواب یناقش مقترحاً بقانون یحظر تضارب المصالح للمؤظفین الحکومیین»، صحیفه الوسط البحرینیه، ش 4186، به آدرس:

    <http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/859445.html> (last visited on 23/04/ 2021)

     

    قوانین

    1. «قانون بشأن حظر تعارض المصالح 2018»، (کویت)، به آدرس:

    <http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=1913404&related>

    1. «قانون تنظیم سوق العمل 2006»، (بحرین)، به آدرس:

    <https://lmra.bh/portal/ar/page/show/5>

    1. «قانون حمایه المال العام و تجنب تضارب المصالح 2011»، (عمان)، به آدرس:

    <https://qanoon.om/p/2011/rd2011112/>

    1. «قانون الموارد البشریه فی الحکومه الإتحادیه 2008»، (امارات متحده)، به آدرس:

    <https://www.fahr.gov.ae/Portal/Userfiles/Assets/Documents/98ce142.pdf>

    1. «قانون هیأه النزاهه و الکسب الغیر المشروع 2011»، (عراق)، به آدرس:

    <http://iraqld.hjc.iq/LoadLawBook.aspx?page=1&SC=&BookID=29524>

    1. «اللائحه تنظیم تعارض المصالح فی تطبیق نظام المنافسات و المشتریات الحکومیه و لائحته التنفیذیه 2020»، (عربستان)، به آدرس:

    <https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/a64ba260-aa19-46f7-8b9f-acbb014c23b5/1>

    1. «اللائحه التنفیذیه لقانون تنظیم المناقصات و المزایدات 2019»، (قطر)، به آدرس:

    <https://www.almeezan.qa/LawPage.aspx?id=8102&language=ar>

    1. «لایحۀ نحوۀ مدیریت تعارض منافع در انجام وظایف قانونی و ارائۀ خدمات عمومی 1398»، به آدرس:

    <http://media.dotic.ir/uploads/org/159479231269652300.pdf>

     

    ج) انگلیسی

    - Books

    1. Ackerman, S. »Corruption and conflicts of interest», In: Auby, J; Breen, E. and Perroud, T. (2014). Corruption and Conflicts of Interest A Comparative Law Approach. Padstow: T.J. International Ltd.
    2. Greco, R. (2009). Direito Penal Do Equilíbrio: Uma Visão Minimalista Do Direito Penals. 4ª edição. Niteroi: Impetus.
    3. Habershon, A. et al. (2019). Preventing and Managing Conflicts of Interest in the Public Sector: Good Practices Guide. Paris-Vienna: the World Bank, OECD and UNODC.
    4. Issacharoff, S. »Legal Responses to Conflicts of Interest», In: Moore, D.A. et al. (2005). Conflicts of Interest Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    5. Jenkins, M. (2015). Conflicts of Interest: Topic Guide Compiled by the Anti-Corruption Helpdesk. Berlin: Transparency International.
    6. Mooney, J. «Public Officials and Conflicts of Interest», In: Ferguson, G. (2018). Global corruption : Law, theory & practice. Canada: University of Victoria.
    7. OECD. (2005). Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector: A Toolkit. Paris: OECD Publications Service.
    8. OECD. (2003). Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service OECD Guidelines and Overview. Paris: OECD Publications Service.
    9. The Global Social Observatory (GSO). (2014). The SUN Movement Toolkit for Preventing and Managing Conflicts of Interest. Geneva: scaling up nutrition.

    - Article

    1. Nikolov, N. (2013). “Conflict of interest in European public law”. Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 406-421.

     

    - Other

    1. Oldfield, Jackson. Overview of Conflict of Interest and Related Offences. Transparency International Report for the European Commission (2017). available at https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/helpdesk/overview-of-conflict-of-interest-and-related-offences, (last visited on 28/06/ 2021).