The legitimacy of medical treatment depends on the patient's informed consent. Medical law, therefore, recognizes the "obligation of information" as one of physician duties. This duty is not limited to informing the patient. Rather, despite the principle of confidentiality in medical law, in many legal systems, it is accepted that the physician in order to protect non-patient must give necessary warnings to the patient or to the exposed person at risk from the patient. Otherwise the physician will be responsible for any damage to non-patient. Considering that this liability been raised for the first time in American law, and on the other hand, considering that Iranian law and jurisprudence have not addressed this issue; This article, based on descriptive-analytical method, comparatively studies the conditions of such liability in US and Iranian law, in order to clarify its various dimensions and to provide suggestions for Iranian legal system. The present article shows that US and Iranian law on the liability of physicians to non-patients have common principles and the American legal system, which is a leader in this field, can be used to regulate the conditions of this liability in Iran.
قطان حلی، محمدبن شجاع (1424ق)، معالمالدین فی فقه آل یاسین، ج 1، قم: مؤسسۀ امام صادق.
کاتوزیان، ناصر (1387)، الزامهای خارج از قرارداد، ج 1، چ 8، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
مراغی، سید میرعبدالفتاح (1417)، العناوین الفقهیه، ج 2، چ 1، قم: دفتر انتشارات اسلامی.
مصطفوی، سید مصطفی و امینزاده، سید محمد (1390)، تعدد عوامل موجب خسارت در حقوق ایران و فقه امامیه، چ 1، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق.
- مقالات
حاجی نوری، غلامرضا (1394)، «نگرشی تطبیقی بر مفهوم معیار تقصیر پزشک»؛ فصلنامۀ پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، ش 11.
خادم رضوی، قاسم؛ نوعی، الیاس؛ مهرپویان، آزاده (1394)، «رابطۀ سببیت در مسئولیت ناشی از بیاحتیاطی؛ نگاهی تطبیقی به حقوق مسئولیت مدنی ایران و انگلستان»؛ پژوهش حقوق خصوصی، ش 10.
خشنودی، رضا (1392)، «تحول در مفهوم تقصیر پزشکی و مصادیق آن در نظام حقوقی فرانسه»؛ حقوق پزشکی، ش 26.
صفایی، حسین (1391)، «مبنای مسئولیت مدنی پزشک با نگاهی به لایحۀ جدید قانون مجازات اسلامی»؛ فصلنامۀ دیدگاههای حقوق قضایی، دورۀ 17، ش 58.
قبولی، محمدمهدی؛ شیرخانی، پویا؛ موحدی فرد، محمد (1394)، «مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از همکاری ثالث در نقض تعهدات قراردادی؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی در حقوق فرانسه، بلژیک و ایران با رویکردی فقهی»، پژوهشنامۀ حقوق اسلامی، ش 44.
لطفی، احسان (1388)، «از رضایت آگاهانه تا انتخاب آگاهانه: گفتاری در تعهد به اطلاعرسانی در روابط پزشک و بیمار»، حقوق پزشکی، ش 11.
ب) انگلیسی
- Books
Chamallas, Martha; Wriggins, Jennifer B. (2010), The Measure of Injury: Race, Gender, and Tort Law, New York: New York University Press.
Fleming, John G. (2011), Fleming's the law, 10 ed., Australia: Thomson Reuters.
Frenkel, Marcel (2000), The legal basis of medical practice: MPM's guide, Greenbranch Pub.
Harpwood, Vivienne (2003), Modern Tort Law, ed, London, GP.
Honore, A.M. (1983), Causation and Remoteness of Damage International Encyclopedia Comparative Law, V.XI: Torts, Chapter 7, Germany: J.C.B Mohr. P.
Johnson, Eric E. (2015), Torts: Cases and Context, V.1, eLangdell Press.
Stephenson, Graham (2000), Sourcebook on Torts, 2nd, London: Cavendish.
- Articles
Adi A, Mathbout M. (2018), “The Duty to Protect: Four Decades After Tarasoff”; American Journal of Psychiatry Residents, 13.
Almason, Allison L. (1997), “Implications of the Duty to Warn Are Hard Pills Personal Liability Implications of the Duty to Warn Are Hard Pills to Swallow: From Tarasoff to Hutchinson v. Patel and Beyond”; Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy 13 (2).
Anfang S.A.; Appelbaum, P.S. (1996), "Twenty years after Tarasoff: Reviewing the Duty to Protect"; Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2(2).
Bal, Sonny B. (2009), “An Introduction to Medical Malpractice in the United States”; Clin Orthop Relat Res, 467(2).
Burke, Jacquelyn (2015), “Discretion to Warn: Balancing Privacy Rights with the Need to Warn Unaware Partners of Likely HIV/AIDS Exposure”; Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice; 35(1).
Chaimowitz, Gary A.; Glancy, Graham D.; Blackburn, Janice (2000). “Duty to Warn and Protect-Impact on Practice”, Can J Psychiatry; 45.
Eldredge, Laurence H. (1937), “Culpable Intervention as Superseding Cause”; University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 86(2).
Gershonowitz, Aaron, The Strict Liability Duty to Warn, Washington and Lee Law Review Vol.44 | Issue.1 Article.6 1-1-1987
Giacalone, Robert P. (1989), “Kirk v. Michael Reese Hosp. & Medical Center: The Treatment of a Third Party Plaintiff in a Medical Context”; DePaul Law Review, 38(3).
Green, Leon (1961), “Foreseeability in Negligence Law”; Columbia Law Review, 61(8).
Hall, Margaret Isabell (2003), “Duty to Protect, Duty to Control and the Duty to Warn”; Canadian Bar Review, 82(3).
Harper, Fowler Vincent (1932), “Foreseeability Factor in the Law of Torts”; North Dame Law Review, 7(4).
Hermann, Donald H.J.; Gagliano, Rosalind D. (1989), “AIDS, Therapeutic Confidentiality, and Warning Third Parties”; Maryland Law Review, 48(1)
Johnson, Rebecca; Persad, Govind; Sisti, Dominic (2014), “The Tarasoff rule: the implications of interstate variation and gaps in professional training”; J Am Acad Psychiatry Law, 42(4).
Kelley, Patrick J. (2001), “Restating Duty, Breach, and Proximate Cause in Negligence Law: Descriptive Theory and the Rule of Law”; Vanderbilt Law Review. 54(3).
O'Donohue, William T.; Ferguson, Kyle E. (2003), Handbook of professional ethics for psychologists: issues, questions, and controversies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Owen, David G. (2007), “The Five Elements of Negligence”; Hofstra Law Review, 35(1).
Ramanathan, Tara (2019), “Law as a Tool to Promote Healthcare Safety”; Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 19(2):172–80.
Scott, Helen (2019), “The History of Foreseeability”; Current Legal Problems, 27(1).
Seligman, Brad Stuart (1978), “Untangling Tarasoff: Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California”; Hastings Law Journal, 29 (1).
Watson, Clarence (2005), “The Duty to Warn/Protect Doctrine and Its Application in Pennsylvania”; Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry, 19(1).
Wright, Richard W. (195), “Causation in Tort Law”; California Law Review, 73(6).
Ajori Ayask,A and Mohammadhasani,S . (2021). A Comparative Study of Physicians Civil Liability to Non-Patients in Iran and U.S.A.. Comparative Law Review, 12(1), 1-21. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.312303.634095
MLA
Ajori Ayask,A , and Mohammadhasani,S . "A Comparative Study of Physicians Civil Liability to Non-Patients in Iran and U.S.A.", Comparative Law Review, 12, 1, 2021, 1-21. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.312303.634095
HARVARD
Ajori Ayask A, Mohammadhasani S. (2021). 'A Comparative Study of Physicians Civil Liability to Non-Patients in Iran and U.S.A.', Comparative Law Review, 12(1), pp. 1-21. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.312303.634095
CHICAGO
A Ajori Ayask and S Mohammadhasani, "A Comparative Study of Physicians Civil Liability to Non-Patients in Iran and U.S.A.," Comparative Law Review, 12 1 (2021): 1-21, doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.312303.634095
VANCOUVER
Ajori Ayask A, Mohammadhasani S. A Comparative Study of Physicians Civil Liability to Non-Patients in Iran and U.S.A.. Comp Law Rev. 2021;12(1):1-21 (In Persian). doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.312303.634095