Charterers' Obligation to Pay Hire in Charterparties on Carriage of Goods (A Comparative Look)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor at Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 MA in International Commercial-Economic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The payment of hire from the charterers to the ship owners is considered as a principle in charterparties. Charterers' obligation to pay the hire is an absolute one, and in only exceptional cases, they are entitled to deduct from hire or set off against it. Therefore, the charters include some terms in time or voyage charterparties to permit them to adjust this obligation in certain circumstances. For avoiding the legal consequences, however, the charterers who need to apply this contractual right, must examine the contract attentively. Since the charterparty is sometimes silent on these terms, the question of what sources of law can be used by courts should be discussed. With a descriptive and analytical method and from a comparative perspective, this paper aims to scrutinize the charterers' obligation to pay the hire in charterparties on carriage of goods. The result is that Iranian law on this subject matter differs significantly from the common-law system; including deduction from hire for the ship off-hire period, collapsed ship, and delay in delivery of ship to the charterer. Furthermore, this is the charterparty that must be considered as the primary source of and the basis for regulating the relations between the parties. When charterparty is silent, we should refer to Iranian Maritime Law or other legal provisions as general law. Iranian Maritime Law in its ninth chapter includes scattered articles concerning charterparties, and in some cases such a right is granted to the charterers.

Keywords

References

  1. 1. فارسی

    الف) قوانین

    1. قانون آئین دادرسی دادگاه‌های عمومی و انقلاب (در امور مدنی)، مصوب مجلس شورای اسلامی 21 فروردین 1379.
    2. قانون اصلاح قانون دریایی ایران، مصوب مجلس شورای اسلامی 16 آبان 1391.
    3. قانون تجارت، مصوب کمیسیون قوانین عدلیه مجلس شورای ملی، 1311.
    4. قانون دریایی ایران، مصوب کمیسیون مشترک مجلسین، 29 شهریور 1343.
    5. قانون مدنی، مصوب سال 1307.

    ب) کتاب‌ها

    1. اُمید، هوشنگ (1353)، حقوق دریائی، ج 1، چ 1، تهران: مدرسۀ عالی بیمه تهران، نشریۀ شمارۀ 7.
    2. جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر (1388)، دائرةالمعارف حقوق مدنی و تجارت: حقوق تعهدات عقود و ایقاعات، ج 1، چ 1، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
    3. جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر (1393)، فلسفۀ حقوق مدنی: عناصر عمومی عقود، ج 1. چ 3، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
    4. نجفی اسفاد، مرتضی (1387)، حقوق دریایی بر پایۀ قانون دریایی ایران و مقررات بین‌المللی دریایی، چ 1، تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت).

     

    ج) مقالات

    10.اربابی، مسعود و حاتمی‌پور، نوید (بهار و تابستان 1398)، «ارجاع بارنامۀ دریایی به شروط قرارداد اجارۀ کشتی؛ در جستجوی قصد طرفین»، نشریۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی (علمی- پژوهشی)، دورۀ 10، ش 1.

    11.الشریف، محمدمهدی (پاییز و زمستان 1390)، «کیفیت و آثار تسلیم منفعت؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی در فقه و قانون مدنی»، نشریۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی (علمی- پژوهشی)، دورۀ 2، ش 2.

    12.فیضی چَکاب، غلام‌نبی و هاشمی‌زاده، سید علیرضا (بهار و تابستان 1391)، «مسؤولیت پرداخت دموراژ در قراردادهای اجارۀ کشتی برای سفر معین»، نشریۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی (علمی- پژوهشی)، دورۀ 3، ش 1.

     

    2. خارجی

    A) Iinternational Conventions

    13. "Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC)", Concluded at London on 19 November 1976.

    14. "Hague/Visby Rules 1968" refers to The Hague Rules 1924, as amended by the "Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading", adopted at Brussels, February 23, 1968.

    15. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Hague Rules), Brussels, 25 August 1924. Available at: http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html

    16. "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea", (New York, 2008) (the "Rotterdam Rules").

    17. "United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea", (Hamburg, 1978) (the "Hamburg Rules").

     

    B) Books

    18. Coghlin, Terence, Kimball, John D., Baker, Andrew W., Belknap, Thomas H. Jr., Kenny, Julian (2014), Time Charters, Informa Law from Routledge, Seventh edition, Lloyd's Shipping Law Library Series.

    19. Cooke, Julian, Kimball, John D., Young, Timothy, Martowski, David, Ashcroft, Michael, Lambert, LeRoy, Taylor, Andrew, Sturley, Michael (2014), Voyage Charters, Informa Law from Routledge, Forth edition, Lloyd's Shipping Law Library Series.

    20. Dockray, Martin, Reece Thomas, Katherine (2004), Cases Materials on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, Third edition, Cavendish Publishing.

    21. Martin-Clark, David (2016), The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law, Volume II: Shipping Law, Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press.

    22. Ryder, Nicholas, Griffiths, Margaret, Singh, Lachmi (2012), Commercial Law: Principles and Policy, Cambridge University Press, first published, Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York.

    23. Todd, Paul (2016) Principles of the Carriage of Goods by Sea, Routledge, First Published.

     

    C) Articles

    24. Kissin, Mathieu (2013) "Challenging the Legal and Commercial Justification for Reclassifying Payment of Hire as a Condition", Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal (ANZ Mar LJ), Volume 27, Number 2.

     

    D) Other

    25. Allison v. Bristol Marine Insurance Co. (1875) 1 App. Cas. 209.

    26. Aries Tanker Corp. v. Total Transport (The Aries) [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 334 (H.L.).

    27. BALTIME 1939 (revised 2001). Available at:

    http://shipsforsale.su/upload/materials/1612291321565991.pdf

    28. Cleobulos Shipping v. Intertanker (The Cleon) [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 586.

    29. Federal Commerce & Navigation Co Ltd v Molena Alpha Inc (The Nanfri) [1978] [1978] 1 LLOYD’S REP 581; [1979] 2 LLOYD’S REP 132; [1978] 1 LLOYD’S REP 201.

    30. James v. Chinecrest [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 126.

    31. Lakeport Navigation Co. v. Anonima Petroli Italiana (The Olympic Brilliance) [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 176, [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 205.

    32. New York Produce Exchange Form (NYPE); Time Charter, approved by the New York Produce Exchange, November 6th, 1913, Amended October 20th, 1921; August 6th, 1931; October 3rd, 1946. Available at: http://www.fleetle.com/a/d/pdf/nype_46_portrait.pdf

    33. The Berge Sund, [1993] 2 Lloyd's Rep.453.

    34. The Jalagouri [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 515.

    35. Tradax Export SA v Dorado Compania Naviera SA ('The Lutetian') [1982] 2 Lloyd's Rep 140.

    36. Western Bulk Carriers K/S v Li Hai Maritime Inc [2005] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 389.

Comparative Law Review
Volume 11, Issue 2
Autumn & Winter
October 2020
Pages 715-738

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