The Divisibility and Indivisibility of Civil Actions (with a Comparative Study on the French Legal System)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor,Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch,Tehran,Iran.

2 Master Student of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch,Tehran,Iran.

Abstract

Divisible and indivisible actions are the legal concepts that in terms of legislation, jurisprudence and doctrine have always remained shrouded in mystery. In some civil cases, being of the plurality of beneficiaries or parties, judges encounter various proceeding and enforcement challenges making inevitable the necessity to conduct a research on these two types of actions. The issuance of contradictory judgments is one of the negative consequences of wrongly making distinction between these two types of actions. Nowadays, jurisprudence does not follow any particular formula to distinct these two actions. Hence there are differences in recognition of instances of these two types of actions. This research, with the assistance of comparative study on the French legal system, is aimed to provide an appropriate solution to the prevention of contradictory judgments and violation of the right of individuals through introducing some elements in order to make distinction between these two types of actions

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Abhari, H. & Zarei, R. (2012), The determination of the applicable law on vacation of commercial places, Judicial law views Quarterly, No. 59, pp.53-82. (in Persian)
2. Cadiet, loïc & Jeuland, Emmanuel (2013), Droit judiciare prive, 8e Edition, Paris: LexisNexis.
3. Cornu, Gerard (2012), Vocabulaire juridique, 9e Edition, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
4. Couchez, Gerard & Langlade, Jean-Pierre & Lebeau, Daniel (1998), Procedure civil, Paris: Dalloz.
5. Couchez, Gerard (2008), Procedure civil, 15e Edition, Paris: Dalloz.
6. Croze, Herve & Morel, Cristian (1988), Procedure civil, 1er Edition, Paris: Presses Universitaires De France.
7. Delaporte, J.B (1807), Commentaire Sur Le Code De Procedure civil, Tome premiere, Paris: Garnery.
8. Guinchard, Serge & Ferrand, Frederique & Chainais, Cecile (2008), Procedure civil: droit interne et droit communautaire, 29e Edition, Paris: Dalloz. 
9. Gainchard, Serge & Montagnier, Gabriel (2009), Lexique des termes juridiques, 17e Edition, Paris: Dalloz.
10. Hayati, A.A. (2006), Commentary on code of civil procedure, 2nd Edition, Tehran: Salsabil. (in Persian)
11. Jahanian, M. (2014), Law on enforcement of civil judgments in the current legal order, 1st Edition, Tehran: Javdaneh. (in Persian)
12. Julien, Pierre & Fricero, Natalie (2009), Droit judiciaire prive, 3e Edition, Paris: Lextenso.
13. Lefort, Cristophe (2009), Procedure civil, 3e Edition, Paris: Dalloz.
14. Matin Daftari, A. (2009), Civil and commercial procedure, Volume I, 3rd Edition, Tehran: Majd. (in Persian)
15. Mohajeri, A. (2012), Trial in absentia and default judgement, 1st Edition, Tehran: Fekrsazan. (in Persian)
16. Mohajeri, A. (2013), Expanded civil procedure, Volume I, 4th Edition, Tehran: Fekrsazan. (in Persian)
17. mohajeri, A. (2013), Expanded civil procedure, Volume III, 4th Edition, Tehran: Fekrsazan. (in Persian)
18. Mohseni, H. (2013), Effective enforcement of civil judgements, Law Quarterly  Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, No. 4, pp. 197-216. (in Persian)
19. Nobakht, Y. (2006), Judicial thoughts, 1st Edition, Tehran: Tolid Ketab. (in Persian)
20. NOUVEAU code de procedure civil (2003), 95e Edition, Paris: Dalloz.
21. Pourostad, M. (2008), The Principle of party disposition, Law Quarterly, No. 3, pp. 97-126. (in Persian)
22. Sadrzadeh Afshar, M. (2011), Civil and commercial procedure, 11th Edition, Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi. (in Persian)
23. Shams, A. (2009), Civil procedure (Advanced), Volume II, 21st Edition, Tehran: Derak. (in Persian)
24. Shams, A. (2009), Civil procedure (Advanced), Volume III, 21st Edition, Tehran: Derak. (in Persian)
25. Shams, A. (2010), Civil procedure (Elementary), Volume II, 9th Edition, Tehran: Derak. (in Persian)
26. Vincent, Jean & Guinchard, Serge (2003), Procedure civil, 27e Edition, Paris: Dalloz.
27. Yousefzadeh, M. (2012), Civil procedure, 2nd Edition, Tehran: Enteshar co. (in Persian)
28. Zandi, M. (2010), Appeal courts jurisprudence of Tehran province (The Rent), 2nd Edition, Tehran: Jungle. (in Persian)
29. Zandi, M. (2011),  Appeal courts jurisprudence of Tehran province (Dispossession, mortgage, lands and properties possession, sale and partition of joint properties), 1st Edition, Tehran: Jungle. (in Persian)
30. Zera’at, A. (2004), Procedure civil in the current legal order, Tehran: Khate Sevom. (in Persian)
31. Zera’at, A. (2010), Annotated code of civil procedure, 3rd Edition, Tehran: Qoqnoos. (in Persian)