With the deployment of automated systems and artificial intelligence technology growing in the auto sector, the shift from a human driving vehicle to an autonomous vehicle (AV) may pose challenges and questions for politicians, legislators, lawyers, industries, and even consumers. One of the challenges is where a practitioner or consumer of an AV confronts legislation. An accident that involves an AV would raise issues for which laws have not been adjusted. The requisite foundation of liability is the issue that this research pursues to discover. This research explores the newest efforts in the forerunner countries compared with Iranian laws to illuminate uncertainties such as who should be liable, if and to what extent manufacturers are liable, and how a proper liability regime should be designed. While the operator liability seems to be efficient for the first three levels of autonomy, in the last three levels where the operator is not as engaged as before, the product liability may provide a defendable foundation of liability. However, with the defective tests currently in use, it seems more justifiable to hold manufacturers strictly liable. This article provides legal literature and asks precise questions for future works to ultimately establish a liability foundation for automated technologies. Document Type: Research Paper.
بیگدلی، سعید و بدیعصنایع اصفهانی، امین (۱۳۹۳). «مبنای مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از محصولات غذایی اصلاحشدۀ ژنتیکی (تراریخته)»، مجلۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، دورۀ ۵، ش ۲.
تقیزاده، ابراهیم و احمدی، افشین (۱۳۹۴). «بررسی تطبیقی حدود و مبنای مسئولیت متصدی حمل و نقل دریایی در کنوانسیون «رتردام» با کنوانسیونهای «بروکسل» و «هامبورگ»»، مجلۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، دورۀ ۶، ش ۲.
رجبی، عبداله (۱۳۹۸). «ضمان در هوش مصنوعی»، مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، ش2.
صالحی، سعیده؛ صفایی، سید حسین؛ عباسلو، بختیار (۱۳۹۶). «تحولات مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از فعل زیانبار تعدد اسباب در قانون مجازات اسلامی جدید ۱۳۹۲»، مجلۀ دانش حقوقی مدنی، ش ۲.
صفایی، سید حسین و اورک بختیاری، حسنعلی (۱۳۹۳). «نگاهی نو به مبانی مسئولیت مدنی دارندگان خودرو»، مجلۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، ش ۱.
صفایی، سیدحسین و شعبانی کندسری، هادی (۱۳۹۴). «مبنای مسئولیت مدنی تولیدکنندگان کالا و ارائهدهندگان خدمات؛ مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق ایران، اسلام، امریکا و اتحادیه اروپا»، پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، ش ۴.
فلاح خاریکی، مهدی و فلاح خاریکی، امین (۱۳۹۷). «اثر قوۀ قاهره بر دامنۀ مسئولیت در قانون بیمۀ اجباری مصوب ۱۳۹۵ش در مقایسه با قوانین سابق و قواعد عام با مطالعۀ تطبیقی در حقوق فرانسه»، مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، ش ۱.
قربانپور، امیرمهدی (۱۳۸۵). «تقصیر و رابطۀ سببیت در نظام مسئولیت مدنی»، مجلۀ حقوقی و قضایی دادگستری، ش ۵۴.
کاتوزیان، ناصر (۱۳۸۶). «ارزشهای نو و تحولات مسئولیت مدنی»، مجلۀ قضاوت، ش ۴۴.
کاظمی، حمید (۱۳۹۳). «بررسی اصول مسئولیت در حملونقل، از نظریه تا عمل؛ نگاهی به موضوع در نظام کامنلا»، مجلۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، دورۀ ۵، ش.
- قوانین و کنوانسیونها
قانون بیمۀ اجباری خسارات واردشده به شخص ثالث در اثر حوادث ناشی از وسیلۀ نقلیه مصوب ۱۳۹۵.
Chagal-Feferkorn K. (2019) “Am I an Algorithm or a Product? When Products Liability Should Apply to Algorithmic Decision-Makers”, Stanford Law Policy Review, Vo. 30, Iss.1, 61–114.
Channon M., et al. (2019) The Law and Autonomous Vehicles, London: Informa Law from Routledge.
Cohen, R. A. (2015) “Self-Driving Technology and Autonomous Vehicles: A Whole New World for Potential Product Liability Discussion”, Defense Counsel Journal, Vol. 82, Iss. 3, 328-334.
Compagnucci M.C. et al. (2020) Legal tech and the New Sharing Economy, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Davola A. (2018) “A Model for Tort Liability in a World of Driverless Cars: Establishing a Framework for the Upcoming Technology”, Idaho Law Review, Vol. 54, 591–614
De Bruyne J., Werbrouck J. (2018) “Merging self-driving cars with the law”, Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 34, Iss. 5, 1150-1153.
Duffy S., Hopkins J.P. (2013) “Sit, Stay, Drive: The Future of Autonomous Car Liability,SMU Science & Technology Law Review, Vol. 16, 101–123.
Federal Automated Vehicles Policy (2015) “Introductory Message Secretary Anthony R. Fox U.S. Department of Transportation”, Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety.
Garza A. (2012) “Look Ma, No Hands: Wrinkles and Wrecks in the Age of Autonomous Vehicles”, New England Law Review, Vol. 46, Iss. 3.
Graham K. (2012) “Of Frightened Horses and Autonomous Vehicles: Tort Law and its Assimilation of Innovations”, Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 52, Iss. 4.
Lim Y.F.H. (2018) Autonomous vehicles and the law: Technology, algorithms and ethics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lohsse S. et al. (2019) Liability for artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Marchant G.E., Lindor R.A. (2012) “The Coming Collision Between Autonomous Vehicles and the Liability System”, Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 52, Iss.4, 1321–1340.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Automated Driving Systems”, NHTSA, available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle-manufacturers/automated-driving-systems#automated-driving-systems-av-20. (last visited February 12, 2021)
O’toole, R. (2009) Gridlock:Why We're Stuck in Traffic and What to Do About It, Washington D.C.: Cato institute.
Pearl T.H. (2018) “Hands on the wheel: a call for greater regulation of semi-autonomous cars”, Indiana Law Journal, Forthcoming, Vol. 93, Iss. 3., 713-756.
Pearl T.H. (2018) “Compensation at the Crossroads: Autonomous Vehicles & Alternative Victim Compensation Schemes, Towards a Digital Future”, 29th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, pp 1–48.
Ravid O. (2014) “Don’t Sue Me, I Was Just Lawfully Texting & Drunk When My Autonomous When My Autonomous Car Crashing into You”, Southwestern Law Review, Vol. 44, 175–207.
Regan v. Sierra International Machinery, LLC, No. 3: 15-CV-2302-PK (D. Or. Mar. 14, 2018).
Road and Rail Department Traffic and Infrastructure Unit (2014) “Autonomous driving Short version/Summary”, TSG, 2014-1316.
Rodgers v. Christie, No. 19-2616 (3d Cir. Mar. 6, 2020).
S. Abraham K. (2019) “Automated Vehicles and Manufacturer Responsibility for Accidents: A New Legal Regime for a New Area”, Virginia Law Review Association, Vol. 105.
Saller v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc., 115 Cal. Rptr. 3d 151, 160–61 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010).
Schall v. Suzuki Motor of America, Inc., 450 F. Supp. 3d 771 (W.D. Ky. 2020).
Shavell S. (2019) “On the Redesign of Accident Liability for the World of Autonomous Vehicles”, Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center Discussion Paper, No. 1014.
Surden H. (2019) “Autonomous Vehicles, Predictability, and Liability”,The Future of Autonomous Vehicles Conference.
Rahbar,N and Dehghanpour Farashah,S . (2021). The Foundation of Civil Liability for Accidents including Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study. Comparative Law Review, 12(2), 523-543. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2021.320449.634169
MLA
Rahbar,N , and Dehghanpour Farashah,S . "The Foundation of Civil Liability for Accidents including Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study", Comparative Law Review, 12, 2, 2021, 523-543. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2021.320449.634169
HARVARD
Rahbar N, Dehghanpour Farashah S. (2021). 'The Foundation of Civil Liability for Accidents including Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study', Comparative Law Review, 12(2), pp. 523-543. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2021.320449.634169
CHICAGO
N Rahbar and S Dehghanpour Farashah, "The Foundation of Civil Liability for Accidents including Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study," Comparative Law Review, 12 2 (2021): 523-543, doi: 10.22059/jcl.2021.320449.634169
VANCOUVER
Rahbar N, Dehghanpour Farashah S. The Foundation of Civil Liability for Accidents including Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study. Comp Law Rev. 2021;12(2):523-543 (In Persian). doi: 10.22059/jcl.2021.320449.634169