نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
In all of the legal systems, the corruption is one of the agents that disorder doing public services and prevent expression of the government's efficiency. The legal systems are looking for the effective mechanisms for struggling against the various cases of corruption. One of the most important issues about struggling against the corruption, is the initial detection of that. The most minimalistic mechanisms for initial detection of the corruption in order to have effective confronting with that, are the supervisory organizations and institutions. All of the countries have enjoyed the concentrated supervisory institutions; But the practical procedure of the ones that have been successful in struggling against the corruption, shows that enjoying just the concentrated supervisory and not the capacity of crowdsourcing and the decentralized and popular institution, will not have the ideal result. In this regard, they have organized an appropriate ground in their legislative system, for persuading the people effectively for reporting the infringements by considering the protection and encouragement for the people who report. This article is endeavoring for paying attention to this foundational question that how it is possible to provide an appropriate ground for persuading the people for reporting? The writers of this article in response to this question, by descriptive-analytical method, have had a comparative study about the legislative system of United State of America and along with introducing institution of whistleblowers, representing different protecting and encouraging mechanism in order to acticvate the capacity of whistleblowers as their findings.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
الف) فارسی
کتاب‌ها و مقالات
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قوانین و آیین‌نامه‌ها
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11. قانون حمایت از آمران به معروف و ناهیان از منکر، مجلس شورای اسلامی، 1394.
12. قانون مجازات اسلامی، مجلس شورای اسلامی، مصوب 1392.
13. قانون مسئولیت مدنی، کمیسیون مشترک دادگستری مجلسین، مصوب 1339.
14. کنوانسیون سازمان ملل برای مبارزه با فساد، مصوب 31 اکتبر 2003.
ب) انگلیسی
کتاب‌ها و مقالات
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قوانین
43. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of (2002), Congress, U.S. http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs /gwbush/sarbanesoxley072302.pdf.
44. Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-19 (2012), Protecting Whistleblowers with Access to Classified Information.
45. Securities Exchange Act of (1934), Congress, U. S. https://www.sec.gov/about/offices/owb/reg-21f.pdf
46. The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, July 2003.
47. The Anti-Corruption Action Plan for Asia and the Pacific, November 2001, ADB/OECD.
48. The Council of Europe Civil Law Convention on corruption, ETS No.174, 2003.
49. The Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, March (1996), adopted by the member countries of the Organization of American States
50. The Southern African Development Community Protocol Against Corruption, 2001.
51. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), 2003.
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